第 100 课 · 第 8 阶段: 形容词、副词与介词
短语动词
中级Phrasal verbs
构成与用法
give up, find out, end up, come up with — 动词 + 小品词，具有独立的含义
1.什么是短语动词？
短语动词 = 动词 + 小品词：up、down、in、out、on、off、away、back、over… 有时能从字面猜出意思；有时整个短语有一个全新的意思。
| 意思类型 | 例子 | 意思 |
|---|---|---|
| 字面意思，容易猜 | sit down, come in, go out | 坐下、进来、出门 |
| 新的意思，需要专门记 | give up, find out, put off | 放弃、发现、推迟 |
| 一个短语，多种意思 | take off | 脱掉（衣服、鞋）· 起飞（飞机） |
Please come in and sit down.
请进来坐吧。
My dad gave up smoking last year.
我爸爸去年戒烟了。
I just found out that Lan is moving to Japan.
我刚得知阿兰要搬去日本了。
We ran out of rice, so we had noodles.
我们的米吃完了，所以吃了面条。
2.小品词的常见意思
小品词的意思不总是很清楚，但有些意思会反复出现——了解它们能帮你猜出新的短语动词。
| 小品词 | 常见意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| up | 增加；完全、彻底 | turn up, go up, eat up, fill up |
| down | 减少、降低 | turn down, slow down, calm down |
| on / off | 开始 / 停止运作；穿上 / 脱下 | turn on, turn off, put on, take off |
| out | 向外；直到一点不剩；发现 | go out, run out, find out |
| back | 回来、返还 | come back, give back, call back |
| away | 离开；去掉、收起来 | go away, throw away, put away |
3.带宾语和不带宾语
有些短语动词不带宾语：get up、wake up、grow up、break down、set off、take off（飞机）、come back、go on。
I usually get up at six.
我通常六点起床。
Our car broke down on the highway.
我们的车在高速公路上抛锚了。
I grew up in a small village near Hue.
我在顺化附近的一个小村子里长大。
有些两种用法都可以，带不带宾语都行：
I woke up at 7. / Can you wake me up at 7?
我七点醒了。/ 你能七点叫醒我吗？
Don't give up! / I've given up sugar.
别放弃！/ 我已经戒糖了。
4.可分和不可分
可分的短语动词：名词宾语可以放在小品词前面或后面。代词宾语（it、them、me、him…）必须放在中间。
| 动词 | 名词作宾语 | 代词作宾语 |
|---|---|---|
| turn off | turn off the light / turn the light off | turn it off（不说：turn off it） |
| pick up | pick up the kids / pick the kids up | pick them up |
| put on | put on your jacket / put your jacket on | put it on |
| throw away | throw away the box / throw the box away | throw it away |
| give back | give back the money / give the money back | give it back |
黄金法则：可分的短语动词，代词一定放在中间——turn it off，pick me up，try them on。说话时小品词通常要重读：turn it OFF，pick me UP——所以要把它的尾音读清楚。
不可分的短语动词：宾语总是放在整个短语后面，代词也一样：look after、look for、get over、come across、run into、take after。三个词的短语动词也一样：run out of、look forward to、get on with、come up with、put up with。
My grandma looks after me when my parents are at work.
爸妈上班时，奶奶照顾我。
She takes after her mother.
她长得像她妈妈。
I ran into an old friend at the supermarket.
我在超市碰到了一个老朋友。
I'm looking forward to seeing you.
我很期待见到你。（to 是介词 → seeing）
We need to come up with a better idea.
我们得想出一个更好的主意。
查学习词典：如果 sth / sb 标在中间（turn sth off），这个动词是可分的；如果在末尾（look after sb），就是不可分的。
5.短语动词和更正式的动词
短语动词在口语和非正式书面语中随处可见。正式文本（工作邮件、论文、报告）常用意思相近的单个动词。两种都正确——根据场合选择。
| 短语动词 | 单个动词（更正式） | 意思 |
|---|---|---|
| find out | discover | 得知、发现 |
| put off | postpone | 推迟 |
| come up with | think of / suggest | 想出（主意） |
| turn down | refuse / reject | 拒绝 |
| look into | investigate | 调查、研究 |
| go up | increase / rise | 上涨、升高 |
6.常见错误
Please turn off it.Please turn it off.
代词放在动词和小品词之间。
My grandma looks me after.My grandma looks after me.
look after 不可分。
This shirt is too old. I'm going to throw away it.This shirt is too old. I'm going to throw it away.
代词放在中间。
She found up the truth from her sister.She found out the truth from her sister.
发现 = find out；小品词不同，意思也不同。
I'm looking forward to see you.I'm looking forward to seeing you.
这里的 to 是介词 → -ing。
My dad gave up to smoke.My dad gave up smoking.
give up + -ing。
例句
- Who will look after your dog when you're away?
- It's cold outside. Put on your jacket.
- My dad gave up smoking last year.
- The TV is too loud. Can you turn it down?
