第 100 課 · 第 8 階段: 形容詞、副詞與介詞
短語動詞
中級Phrasal verbs
構成與用法
give up, find out, end up, come up with — 動詞 + 小品詞，具有獨立的含義
1.什麼是短語動詞？
短語動詞 = 動詞 + 小品詞：up、down、in、out、on、off、away、back、over… 有時能從字面猜出意思；有時整個短語有一個全新的意思。
| 意思型別 | 例子 | 意思 |
|---|---|---|
| 字面意思，容易猜 | sit down, come in, go out | 坐下、進來、出門 |
| 新的意思，需要專門記 | give up, find out, put off | 放棄、發現、推遲 |
| 一個短語，多種意思 | take off | 脫掉（衣服、鞋）· 起飛（飛機） |
Please come in and sit down.
請進來坐吧。
My dad gave up smoking last year.
我爸爸去年戒菸了。
I just found out that Lan is moving to Japan.
我剛得知阿蘭要搬去日本了。
We ran out of rice, so we had noodles.
我們的米吃完了，所以吃了麵條。
2.小品詞的常見意思
小品詞的意思不總是很清楚，但有些意思會反覆出現——瞭解它們能幫你猜出新的短語動詞。
| 小品詞 | 常見意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| up | 增加；完全、徹底 | turn up, go up, eat up, fill up |
| down | 減少、降低 | turn down, slow down, calm down |
| on / off | 開始 / 停止運作；穿上 / 脫下 | turn on, turn off, put on, take off |
| out | 向外；直到一點不剩；發現 | go out, run out, find out |
| back | 回來、返還 | come back, give back, call back |
| away | 離開；去掉、收起來 | go away, throw away, put away |
3.帶賓語和不帶賓語
有些短語動詞不帶賓語：get up、wake up、grow up、break down、set off、take off（飛機）、come back、go on。
I usually get up at six.
我通常六點起床。
Our car broke down on the highway.
我們的車在高速公路上拋錨了。
I grew up in a small village near Hue.
我在順化附近的一個小村子裡長大。
有些兩種用法都可以，帶不帶賓語都行：
I woke up at 7. / Can you wake me up at 7?
我七點醒了。/ 你能七點叫醒我嗎？
Don't give up! / I've given up sugar.
別放棄！/ 我已經戒糖了。
4.可分和不可分
可分的短語動詞：名詞賓語可以放在小品詞前面或後面。代詞賓語（it、them、me、him…）必須放在中間。
| 動詞 | 名詞作賓語 | 代詞作賓語 |
|---|---|---|
| turn off | turn off the light / turn the light off | turn it off（不說：turn off it） |
| pick up | pick up the kids / pick the kids up | pick them up |
| put on | put on your jacket / put your jacket on | put it on |
| throw away | throw away the box / throw the box away | throw it away |
| give back | give back the money / give the money back | give it back |
黃金法則：可分的短語動詞，代詞一定放在中間——turn it off，pick me up，try them on。說話時小品詞通常要重讀：turn it OFF，pick me UP——所以要把它的尾音讀清楚。
不可分的短語動詞：賓語總是放在整個短語後面，代詞也一樣：look after、look for、get over、come across、run into、take after。三個詞的短語動詞也一樣：run out of、look forward to、get on with、come up with、put up with。
My grandma looks after me when my parents are at work.
爸媽上班時，奶奶照顧我。
She takes after her mother.
她長得像她媽媽。
I ran into an old friend at the supermarket.
我在超市碰到了一個老朋友。
I'm looking forward to seeing you.
我很期待見到你。（to 是介詞 → seeing）
We need to come up with a better idea.
我們得想出一個更好的主意。
查學習詞典：如果 sth / sb 標在中間（turn sth off），這個動詞是可分的；如果在末尾（look after sb），就是不可分的。
5.短語動詞和更正式的動詞
短語動詞在口語和非正式書面語中隨處可見。正式文本（工作郵件、論文、報告）常用意思相近的單個動詞。兩種都正確——根據場合選擇。
| 短語動詞 | 單個動詞（更正式） | 意思 |
|---|---|---|
| find out | discover | 得知、發現 |
| put off | postpone | 推遲 |
| come up with | think of / suggest | 想出（主意） |
| turn down | refuse / reject | 拒絕 |
| look into | investigate | 調查、研究 |
| go up | increase / rise | 上漲、升高 |
6.常見錯誤
Please turn off it.Please turn it off.
代詞放在動詞和小品詞之間。
My grandma looks me after.My grandma looks after me.
look after 不可分。
This shirt is too old. I'm going to throw away it.This shirt is too old. I'm going to throw it away.
代詞放在中間。
She found up the truth from her sister.She found out the truth from her sister.
發現 = find out；小品詞不同，意思也不同。
I'm looking forward to see you.I'm looking forward to seeing you.
這裡的 to 是介詞 → -ing。
My dad gave up to smoke.My dad gave up smoking.
give up + -ing。
例句
- Who will look after your dog when you're away?
- It's cold outside. Put on your jacket.
- My dad gave up smoking last year.
- The TV is too loud. Can you turn it down?
