定語從句

定語從句是一個小從句，緊跟在名詞後面，說明你指的是哪個人或哪個東西，或者補充有關它的資訊。它以關係代詞（who、which、that）開頭。關係代詞代替了 he / she / it / they……，所以不用再重複那個主語或賓語。

• I have a neighbour. She grows vegetables on her roof. → I have a neighbour who grows vegetables on her roof.

  我有個鄰居。她在屋頂上種菜。→ 我有個在屋頂上種菜的鄰居。（who 代替 she）

• We bought a fan. It's really quiet. → We bought a fan which is really quiet.

  我們買了一臺風扇。它真的很安靜。→ 我們買了一臺非常安靜的風扇。（which 代替 it）

• The man who fixed my bike didn't charge me anything.

  幫我修腳踏車的那個人一分錢都沒收我。

選擇關係代詞時問自己兩個問題：前面的名詞是人還是物？關係代詞在從句裡做主語還是賓語？Ø 表示關係代詞可以省略。

• I want a phone which takes good photos at night.

  我想要一部晚上也能拍出好照片的手機。

• Do you know anyone that speaks Korean?

  你認識會說韓語的人嗎？

• The dog that lives next door barks at everyone.

  隔壁那隻狗見誰都叫。

That 既可以指人也可以指物，在口語中非常常見。指人時，書面語更常用 who。從句沒有逗號時，很多美式英語作者更喜歡用 that 而不是 which；英式英語兩種都用。

💡關係代詞在從句中做主語時，不能省略：People who live near the river worry about floods（不說：People live near the river worry…）。沒有 who，句子裡就有兩個謂語動詞，結構就亂了。

如果關係代詞是賓語——也就是它後面緊跟著另一個主語（I、you、my mum……）——就可以省略。母語者在口語中經常這樣做。

• The cake (that) my mum made was delicious.

  我媽媽做的蛋糕很好吃。（that 是 made 的賓語 → 可以省略）

• Is this the charger you were looking for?

  這是你在找的充電器嗎？

• The people I work with are really friendly.

  和我一起工作的人都很友好。

• The woman who called you left a message.

  給你打電話的那位女士留了言。（who 是 called 的主語 → 不能省略）

注意介詞的位置：日常英語中介詞放在從句末尾（the people I work with、the flat we live in）。正式書面語中可以把介詞提到前面，但這時必須用 whom 或 which，不能用 that：the people with whom I work、the flat in which we live。

定語從句分兩種。限制性從句告訴你是哪個人、哪個東西——去掉它，句子意思就不清楚。非限制性從句只是對聽者已經知道是誰/是什麼的人或物補充資訊——去掉它，句子照樣說得通。它放在兩個逗號之間（口語中用短暫停頓表示）。

• My cousin who lives in Canada is an engineer.

  我住在加拿大的那個表哥是工程師。（暗示我有好幾個表哥——說的是在加拿大的那個）

• My cousin, who lives in Canada, is an engineer.

  我表哥是工程師，他住在加拿大。（他住在哪裡只是補充資訊）

• Da Nang, which has a long sandy beach, is popular with families.

  峴港有一片長長的沙灘，很受家庭遊客歡迎。

• We visited my grandmother, who turns 90 this year.

  我們去看望了我奶奶，她今年滿 90 歲。

💡在專有名詞（Da Nang、Mr Nam）或獨一無二的名詞（my mother、the sun）後面，定語從句幾乎都是非限制性的：要加逗號，而且不能用 that。

, which 還可以指代前面的整件事，而不只是一個名詞。這種用法前面總有逗號，而且只能用 which（不能用 what 或 that）。

• Lan passed her driving test first time, which surprised everyone.

  阿蘭第一次就通過了駕照考試，這讓所有人都很驚訝。

• The bus was late again, which meant I missed the meeting.

  公交車又晚點了，結果我錯過了會議。

• 從句裡的動詞與前面的名詞保持一致：a friend who lives…、two friends who live…、everyone who was there…（everyone 是單數）。
• 在 everything / anything / nothing / all / the only / 最高階 後面，一般用 that 或者什麼都不用：Is there anything (that) I can do? —— the best film (that) I've ever seen。
• What 的意思是“……的東西”，不能跟在名詞後面：What I need is a holiday。但要說：everything that he said（不說：everything what）。
• Those who = the people who（比較正式）：Those who exercise regularly sleep better（不說：They who…）。
• whose、where、when、why 和 whom 的用法見“whose / where / when 引導的定語從句”一課。

• ✗The girl who she sits next to me is from Hue.

  ✓The girl who sits next to me is from Hue.

  Who 已經代替了 she——不要再重複。

• ✗The bus goes to the airport leaves every 20 minutes.

  ✓The bus that goes to the airport leaves every 20 minutes.

  做主語的關係代詞不能省略。

• ✗The film which I watched it last night was great.

  ✓The film (which) I watched last night was great.

  Which 已經是賓語了——去掉 it。

• ✗My father, that is a doctor, works in Hanoi.

  ✓My father, who is a doctor, works in Hanoi.

  逗號之間的從句不能用 that。

• ✗She didn't call me back, what was strange.

  ✓She didn't call me back, which was strange.

  指代整件事要用 which。

• ✗Everything what he said was true.

  ✓Everything (that) he said was true.

  Everything 後面用 that 或者什麼都不用。