第 102 課 · 第 9 階段: 連線觀點
whose / where / when 引導的定語從句
中級Relative clauses with whose / where / when
構成與用法
whose + 名詞，the place where…, the day when…, the reason why… — 修飾名詞的更多方式
1.概述
除了 who / which / that，還有幾個關係詞能讓你更簡潔地描述名詞。每個詞都代替句子裡一個熟悉的成分。
| 關係詞 | 代替 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| whose | his / her / its / their（所屬） | a student whose phone was stolen |
| where | in / at / to + 那個地方 | the café where we met |
| when | on / in / at + 那個時間 | the year when I left school |
| why | 原因（跟在 the reason 後面） | the reason why she left |
| whom | 做賓語的人（正式） | the person to whom I spoke |
和“定語從句”一課一樣，這些從句也可以是限制性的（沒有逗號）或非限制性的（有逗號）。
2.Whose——屬於那個人或那個東西的
Whose + 名詞 代替物主代詞 his / her / its / their。whose 後面一定跟名詞。它多用於人，但也可以用於物、公司、城市等。
I have a classmate whose mother runs a pho restaurant.
我有個同學，他媽媽開了一家河粉店。（whose mother = 他/她的媽媽）
We met a couple whose kids go to the same school as ours.
我們認識了一對夫婦，他們的孩子和我們的孩子在同一所學校上學。
It's a small company whose products are sold all over Asia.
這是一家小公司，它的產品銷往整個亞洲。
Mr Hai, whose son I used to teach, still sends me mangoes every summer.
海先生——我以前教過他兒子——現在每年夏天還給我寄芒果。
Whose 和 who's 讀音一樣 /huːz/，但意思不同：who's = who is / who has。如果能換成 “who is”，就寫 who's；如果意思是“……的”（所屬），就寫 whose。
3.Where——在那個地方
Where 跟在表示地點的名詞（house、city、café、shop……）後面，意思是 in / at which。同一個意思有三種說法：
That's the house where I grew up. = That's the house I grew up in.
那就是我長大的房子。（也可以說：the house which I grew up in）
Do you know a place where we can park for free?
你知道哪裡可以免費停車嗎？
用 where 還是 which？ 看空格後面的部分。如果從句已經有完整的主語 + 動詞（+ 賓語），用 where。如果從句缺主語或缺賓語，用 which / that。
Hoi An is a town where you can walk everywhere.
會安是一個走路就能到處逛的小鎮。（you can walk 是完整的 → where）
Hoi An is a town which attracts millions of visitors.
會安是一個吸引數百萬遊客的小鎮。（attracts 沒有主語 → which）
Hoi An is a town I'd love to visit again.
會安是一個我很想再去一次的小鎮。（visit 沒有賓語 → 用 which/that 或省略，不用 where）
Where 也可以跟在表示情況或階段的名詞後面：a situation where…、a point where…、a stage where…。
4.When 和 why
When 跟在表示時間的名詞（day、year、time、moment、month……）後面。Why 跟在 the reason 後面。口語中這兩個詞常常被省略或換成 that。
I'll never forget the moment when I first saw the sea.
我永遠不會忘記第一次看到大海的那一刻。
Saturday is the only day when I can sleep in.
星期六是我唯一能睡懶覺的日子。
Do you remember the year we moved to Saigon?
你還記得我們搬到西貢的那一年嗎？（省略了 when）
The reason why I'm late is that my bike had a flat tyre.
我遲到的原因是我的腳踏車爆胎了。
The traffic was terrible. That's why we missed the start.
路上堵得厲害。所以我們錯過了開頭。
表示時間用 when，不用 where：the day when we met（不說：the day where…）。母語者常說 “The reason is because…”，但在正式書面語裡用 “The reason is that…” 更穩妥。
5.Whom、介詞和 some of whom
Whom 是 who 的賓格，用於正式書面語。日常英語中人們用 who 或者乾脆省略，並把介詞放在句末。緊跟在介詞後面時，只能用 whom / which——不能用 who 或 that。
| 正式 | 日常 |
|---|---|
| the person to whom I spoke | the person (who) I spoke to |
| the colleague with whom she works | the colleague (who) she works with |
| the hotel at which we stayed | the hotel (that) we stayed at / the hotel where we stayed |
在有逗號的從句中，可以用 數量詞 + of + whom / which：some of whom、most of which、both of whom、none of which……
I have three cousins, two of whom live in Australia.
我有三個表兄弟，其中兩個住在澳大利亞。
We tried four cafés, most of which were full.
我們試了四家咖啡館，大多數都滿了。
6.常見錯誤
That's the singer who's songs I love.That's the singer whose songs I love.
Who's = who is；表示所屬要用 whose。
I have a friend whose his father is a pilot.I have a friend whose father is a pilot.
Whose 已經代替了 his。
This is the village which I was born.This is the village where I was born. / …which I was born in.
Which 需要介詞 in；where 不需要。
We stayed at a resort where has its own beach.We stayed at a resort which has its own beach.
Has 需要主語 → 用 which / that。
Do you remember the day where we met?Do you remember the day when we met?
表示時間用 when。
The woman to who I spoke was very helpful.The woman to whom I spoke… / The woman I spoke to…
介詞後面用 whom。
例句
- I have a friend whose father is a famous chef.
- This is the café where we first met.
- I'll never forget the day when my son was born.
- The girl whose bag was stolen went to the police.
