第 102 课 · 第 9 阶段: 连接观点
whose / where / when 引导的定语从句
中级Relative clauses with whose / where / when
构成与用法
whose + 名词，the place where…, the day when…, the reason why… — 修饰名词的更多方式
1.概述
除了 who / which / that，还有几个关系词能让你更简洁地描述名词。每个词都代替句子里一个熟悉的成分。
| 关系词 | 代替 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| whose | his / her / its / their（所属） | a student whose phone was stolen |
| where | in / at / to + 那个地方 | the café where we met |
| when | on / in / at + 那个时间 | the year when I left school |
| why | 原因（跟在 the reason 后面） | the reason why she left |
| whom | 做宾语的人（正式） | the person to whom I spoke |
和“定语从句”一课一样，这些从句也可以是限制性的（没有逗号）或非限制性的（有逗号）。
2.Whose——属于那个人或那个东西的
Whose + 名词 代替物主代词 his / her / its / their。whose 后面一定跟名词。它多用于人，但也可以用于物、公司、城市等。
I have a classmate whose mother runs a pho restaurant.
我有个同学，他妈妈开了一家河粉店。（whose mother = 他/她的妈妈）
We met a couple whose kids go to the same school as ours.
我们认识了一对夫妇，他们的孩子和我们的孩子在同一所学校上学。
It's a small company whose products are sold all over Asia.
这是一家小公司，它的产品销往整个亚洲。
Mr Hai, whose son I used to teach, still sends me mangoes every summer.
海先生——我以前教过他儿子——现在每年夏天还给我寄芒果。
Whose 和 who's 读音一样 /huːz/，但意思不同：who's = who is / who has。如果能换成 “who is”，就写 who's；如果意思是“……的”（所属），就写 whose。
3.Where——在那个地方
Where 跟在表示地点的名词（house、city、café、shop……）后面，意思是 in / at which。同一个意思有三种说法：
That's the house where I grew up. = That's the house I grew up in.
那就是我长大的房子。（也可以说：the house which I grew up in）
Do you know a place where we can park for free?
你知道哪里可以免费停车吗？
用 where 还是 which？ 看空格后面的部分。如果从句已经有完整的主语 + 动词（+ 宾语），用 where。如果从句缺主语或缺宾语，用 which / that。
Hoi An is a town where you can walk everywhere.
会安是一个走路就能到处逛的小镇。（you can walk 是完整的 → where）
Hoi An is a town which attracts millions of visitors.
会安是一个吸引数百万游客的小镇。（attracts 没有主语 → which）
Hoi An is a town I'd love to visit again.
会安是一个我很想再去一次的小镇。（visit 没有宾语 → 用 which/that 或省略，不用 where）
Where 也可以跟在表示情况或阶段的名词后面：a situation where…、a point where…、a stage where…。
4.When 和 why
When 跟在表示时间的名词（day、year、time、moment、month……）后面。Why 跟在 the reason 后面。口语中这两个词常常被省略或换成 that。
I'll never forget the moment when I first saw the sea.
我永远不会忘记第一次看到大海的那一刻。
Saturday is the only day when I can sleep in.
星期六是我唯一能睡懒觉的日子。
Do you remember the year we moved to Saigon?
你还记得我们搬到西贡的那一年吗？（省略了 when）
The reason why I'm late is that my bike had a flat tyre.
我迟到的原因是我的自行车爆胎了。
The traffic was terrible. That's why we missed the start.
路上堵得厉害。所以我们错过了开头。
表示时间用 when，不用 where：the day when we met（不说：the day where…）。母语者常说 “The reason is because…”，但在正式书面语里用 “The reason is that…” 更稳妥。
5.Whom、介词和 some of whom
Whom 是 who 的宾格，用于正式书面语。日常英语中人们用 who 或者干脆省略，并把介词放在句末。紧跟在介词后面时，只能用 whom / which——不能用 who 或 that。
| 正式 | 日常 |
|---|---|
| the person to whom I spoke | the person (who) I spoke to |
| the colleague with whom she works | the colleague (who) she works with |
| the hotel at which we stayed | the hotel (that) we stayed at / the hotel where we stayed |
在有逗号的从句中，可以用 数量词 + of + whom / which：some of whom、most of which、both of whom、none of which……
I have three cousins, two of whom live in Australia.
我有三个表兄弟，其中两个住在澳大利亚。
We tried four cafés, most of which were full.
我们试了四家咖啡馆，大多数都满了。
6.常见错误
That's the singer who's songs I love.That's the singer whose songs I love.
Who's = who is；表示所属要用 whose。
I have a friend whose his father is a pilot.I have a friend whose father is a pilot.
Whose 已经代替了 his。
This is the village which I was born.This is the village where I was born. / …which I was born in.
Which 需要介词 in；where 不需要。
We stayed at a resort where has its own beach.We stayed at a resort which has its own beach.
Has 需要主语 → 用 which / that。
Do you remember the day where we met?Do you remember the day when we met?
表示时间用 when。
The woman to who I spoke was very helpful.The woman to whom I spoke… / The woman I spoke to…
介词后面用 whom。
例句
- I have a friend whose father is a famous chef.
- This is the café where we first met.
- I'll never forget the day when my son was born.
- The girl whose bag was stolen went to the police.
