शैडोइंग अभ्यास: TED@NYC: The Power of Negative Thinking - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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So I grew up in Argentina, which means I always had a problem with confidence.

My problem is I have too much of it.

And in Argentina this is quite common.

We have a charming tendency to think that we are the greatest country in the world,

even though our nation has been declining for about 100 years.

We are, according to some economic standards, the only perpetually devolving nation in the world.

And to cope with this or maintain our delusion, we also have the highest concentration of psychoanalysts per capita in the world.

And if you don't want to spend your life in therapy, you can do what I did, which is you become a psychologist yourself.

So I've always been interested in the relationship between confidence, how smart you think you are, and competence, how smart you actually are.

And for about 10 years, I've been conducting studies relating people's self -perceived abilities with their actual abilities.

Not just in Argentina, but in about 40 different countries.

And the surprising fact is that there is a very weak relationship between competence and confidence.

Not because most people are overly modest or underconfident, but because the vast majority of people think they're better than they actually are.

So overconfidence is one of the most pervasive biases in human thought.

And if you read popular psychology textbooks or are into the self -help industry,

you will know that there are two individual advantages of being overconfident.

Number one, it does feel good to think you're great, even if you're deluded.

Number two, that delusion can help you fool other people.

And yet, there is a dark side of overconfidence that is hardly ever emphasized.

For example, overconfidence explains why some people are much more likely to have traffic accidents, whether drivers, cyclists or pedestrians,

why some people gamble and are into compulsive,

pathological levels of gambling, and why we have financial gambling cases such as the last meltdown, which are caused not just by greedy investment bankers,

but also overconfident consumers who overestimate their ability to pay back their loans and mortgages.

Overconfidence is also behind major health threats and it explains why smokers,

drinkers, drug users, illegal or legal, and compulsive eaters are in denial about their addictions

and overestimate their ability to quit or underestimate the potential harmful effects that these addictions might have on them.

Even when they're aware of them, they think it will happen to other people, not to themselves.

And finally, overconfidence also fosters and promotes a narcissistic culture,

a narcissistic society where we commonly mistake confidence by competence,

which is why in any domain or profession of expertise there are so many charlatans in business.

Why arrogant and psychopathic employees are commonly promoted to managerial levels.

Why we have not enough women in charge because they are more modest and more underconfident.

Yes.

It's true.

It's a fact.

And also why so many people, especially teenagers,

are obsessed with being famous just for the sake of being famous and spend so much time worshipping those who worship themselves.

And why some of you might spend so much time updating your Facebook status, hoping that others like what you're doing.

And, you know, luckily they can't dislike it.

They can only like it.

So what's the solution? and I want to finish on a negative note,

which really is for your benefit and for our benefit, collective benefit.

Maybe it's better to see the glass as half empty.

And not enough has been said emphasizing the positive power of negative thinking.

There are key adaptational benefits to your insecurities and to low confidence.

For example, low confidence is a threat detection signal that tells you that you shouldn't be doing something.

And you know, if you hear a little inner voice that tells you you shouldn't do something, consider yourself lucky.

Maybe you should pay attention to it.

At the same time, the reason why

so many people suffer from having low self -concept is

because this signal is emphasizing a discrepancy between the person you want to be and the person you think you are.

So what you should do about it is try to reduce

that discrepancy or that gap between confidence and competence by working hard.

not by reading self -help books that tell you that you shouldn't worry about your self -esteem,

that you're great, no matter what other people think of you.

And finally, low confidence and insecurities are key to keep us modest, humble.

And there are many advantages to modesty.

It keeps us attentive to negative feedback, which means that we are more coachable.

It also stops us from being complacent, and it also makes us more likable.

And this is coming from a recovering Argentine.

So the message is clear.

A less confident world would be a better world.

Thank you very much.

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

यह स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “TED@NYC: The Power of Negative Thinking” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: confidence, overconfidence, self, competence, benefit। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 63 वाक्य और 815 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 5:44 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 142 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। 82% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

शब्द	उच्चारण	अर्थ
competence संज्ञा	/ˈkɑm.pə.təns/	दक्षता
modest विशेषण	/ˈmɑdəst/	शालीन, नम्र
commonly क्रिया विशेषण	/ˈkɑmənli/	सामान्यतः
worship संज्ञा	/ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/	पूजा, अर्चना
addiction संज्ञा	/əˈdɪkˌʃən/	व्यसन
gambling संज्ञा	/ˈɡæm.bl̩.ɪŋ/	जुआ, क़िमार
insecurity संज्ञा		असुरक्षा
decline क्रिया	/dɪˈklaɪn/	गिरना
mortgage संज्ञा	/ˈmoɹ.ɡɪd͡ʒ/	रेहन, रहन
feedback संज्ञा	/ˈfiːdˌbæk/	प्रतिपुष्टि, प्रतिक्रिया
psychology संज्ञा	/saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/	मनोविज्ञान, मानसशास्त्र
bias संज्ञा	/ˈbaɪ.əs/	पक्षपात, पूर्वाग्रह
charm संज्ञा	/t͡ʃɑɹm/	टोना, जादू
humble विशेषण	/ˈhʌmbəl/	विनीत, विनम्र
denial संज्ञा	/dɪˈnaɪ.əl/	खंडन

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचना	वीडियो में
Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — पहले शुरू हुआ काम जो अब भी जारी है	has been declining · I've been conducting
Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी	Argentina, which means · did, which is · meltdown, which are
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है	I've always been · has been said
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है	are caused · has been said

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

वक्ता 13 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे you're, shouldn't, I've। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।

“th” की ध्वनियाँ: pathological /ˌpæθ.əˈlɑd͡ʒ.ɪ.kəl/, psychopathic /ˌsaɪkoʊˈpæθɪk/
“sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: worship /ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/, addiction /əˈdɪkˌʃən/, concentration /ˌkɑn.sənˈtɹeɪ.ʃən/, profession /pɹəˈfɛʃ.ən/, detection /dɪˈtɛk.ʃən/
लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, concentration /ˌkɑn.sənˈtɹeɪ.ʃən/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, underestimate /ʌndɚˈɛs.tɪ.meɪt/, managerial /ˌmænɪˈd͡ʒɪəɹi.əl/

हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:

/v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: worship /ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/, vast /væst/, collective /kəˈlɛktɪv/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/
/z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: emphasize /ˈɛm.fə.saɪz/, expertise /ˌɛkspɜːˈtiːz/
/æ/ — “ऐ” से ज़्यादा खुला: gambling /ˈɡæm.bl̩.ɪŋ/, vast /væst/, feedback /ˈfiːdˌbæk/, gamble /ˈɡæm.bəl/, banker /ˈbæŋkəː/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर competence, modest, commonly जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →

शैडोइंग अभ्यास: TED@NYC: The Power of Negative Thinking - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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