レッスン117 · ステージ10: 上級の構文
「not only … but also」
上級“Not only … but also”
形と使い方
not only … but (also) … — より強い二つ目の点を加える
1.形
not only A but (also) B は、1つ目のポイント A に2つ目のポイント B を加える言い方で、B のほうがより強い・より意外な内容であることが多いです。A と B には形容詞、名詞、動詞、前置詞句、節全体が入ります。
| 結ぶもの | 例 |
|---|---|
| 形容詞 | The room was not only cheap but also spotless. |
| 名詞 | She speaks not only Vietnamese but also Korean. |
| 動詞 | He not only cooked dinner but also washed up. |
| 前置詞句 | The app is popular not only in Vietnam but also in Thailand. |
| 節(倒置あり) | Not only did the bus leave late, but it also broke down. |
not only は but とペアになります:not only … but (also) …。「not only … and also」ではありません。ここで「and」にあたる語を使う言語の学習者は、この間違いをしがちです。
2.2つの部分をそろえる
not only の後ろと but also の後ろには、同じ種類のものを同じ形で置きます:形容詞なら形容詞、動詞なら同じ時制の動詞、to 不定詞なら to 不定詞。not only は1つ目の部分のすぐ前に置きます。
Minh not only fixed my bike but also cleaned it.
ミンは私の自転車を直してくれただけでなく、きれいにもしてくれました。(fixed … cleaned:どちらも過去形)
I enjoy not only cooking but also eating.
私は料理するのだけでなく、食べるのも好きです。
She wants not only to travel but also to work abroad.
彼女は旅行するだけでなく、海外で働くこともしたいと思っています。
I like not only tea but also coffee.
私はお茶だけでなくコーヒーも好きです。(coffee とそろえるため、not only は tea の前に置く)
会話では、ネイティブスピーカーも not only をあまりそろっていない位置に置くことがあり(I not only like tea but also coffee)、誰も気にしません。書き言葉や試験では、そろった形が正解とされます。
3.文頭の Not only:倒置
さらに強調したいときは、Not only を文頭に出せます。すると前半は倒置になり、疑問文と同じように助動詞が主語の前に来ます。後半はふつうの語順のままです:but + 主語 + (助動詞) + also + 動詞。
| 元の動詞 | Not only を使った倒置 |
|---|---|
| be | Not only is the flat small, but it's also noisy. |
| 現在形 → do / does | Not only does he speak Thai, but he also teaches it. |
| 過去形 → did | Not only did the shop cancel my order, but it also kept my money. |
| 助動詞:can / will / should… | Not only can she sing, but she can also dance. |
| 現在完了形 → have / has | Not only have prices gone up, but salaries have also fallen. |
do / does / did を借りたときは、本動詞は原形に戻ります:Not only does he speak(speaks ではない)、Not only did the shop cancel(cancelled ではない)。コツ:前半を yes/no 疑問文にして(Does he speak Thai?)、その前に Not only をつけます。
倒置の形はより改まっていて劇的な響きがあり、書き言葉やスピーチ、ニュースでよく使われます。会話ではもっと簡単に言うのがふつうです:He's not only clever — he's really kind too.
4.いろいろな形
- also の位置:短い形では but のすぐ後ろ(but also cheap)。完全な節では主語の後ろに置きます — 一般動詞の前、または助動詞・be 動詞の後ろです:but she also coaches…、but it was also…、but she can also…。
- also は省略できます:not only cheap but delicious。また、also の代わりに文末に as well / too を置くこともできます。
- くだけた話し言葉では but も省くことがあります:Not only is it cheap, it's also good for you.
- 2つの主語を結ぶときは、動詞は近いほう(B)に合わせます。
- both … and と比べましょう(レッスン「Both / either / neither」を参照):both A and B は2つを対等に扱い、not only A but also B は B に重点を置きます。
The soup is not only cheap but really tasty.
そのスープは安いだけでなく、とてもおいしいです。(also を省略)
Not only did he apologise, but he paid for the damage as well.
彼は謝っただけでなく、損害の弁償もしました。
Not only the kids but also their dad was soaked.
子どもたちだけでなく、お父さんもびしょぬれでした。(動詞は their dad に合わせる)
Both the kids and their dad were soaked.
子どもたちもお父さんもびしょぬれでした。(both … and → 複数)
5.よくある間違い
The flat is not only small and also very dark.The flat is not only small but also very dark.
Not only は and ではなく but (also) とペアになります。
Not only she is clever, but she is also hard-working.Not only is she clever, but she is also hard-working.
Not only が文頭 → 助動詞を倒置します。
Not only does he speaks Korean, but he also speaks Thai.Not only does he speak Korean, but he also speaks Thai.
does の後ろは原形です。
Not only we visited Hue, but we also went to Hoi An.Not only did we visit Hue, but we also went to Hoi An.
過去形は did を借りて倒置します。
She not only sings but also dancing.She not only sings but also dances.
2つの部分は同じ形にします。
He not only plays the guitar but also he sings.He not only plays the guitar but also sings. / … but he also sings.
but also の後ろには、そろえる部分だけを置きます。主語を残すなら、also を主語の後ろに置きます。
例文
- She speaks not only English but also Korean.
- This app is not only free but also easy to use.
- The new phone is not only lighter but also cheaper than the old one.
- Bao not only fixed my bike yesterday but also cleaned it.
