Shadowing Practice: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Section 4

You will hear part of a lecture to business students about the use of one particular type of research known as ethnography.

First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.

Thank you.

questions 31 to 40.

So, what I'm going to talk about to you today is something called ethnography.

This is a type of research aimed at exploring the way human cultures work.

It was first developed for use in anthropology, and it's also been used in sociology and communication studies.

So, what's it got to do with business, you may ask?

Well, businesses are finding that ethnography can offer them deeper insight into the possible needs of customers,

either present or future, as well as providing valuable information about their attitudes towards existing products.

And ethnography can also help companies to design new products or services that customers really want.

Let's look at some examples of how ethnographic research works in business.

One team of researchers did a project for a company manufacturing kitchen equipment.

They watched how cooks used measuring cups to measure out things like sugar and flour.

They saw that the cooks had to check and recheck the contents

because although the measuring cups had numbers inside them the cooks couldn't see these easily

so a new design of cup was developed to overcome this problem

and it was a top seller another team of ethnographic researchers

looked at how cell phones were used in uganda in africa they found

that people who didn't have their own phones could pay to use the phones of local entrepreneurs

because these customers paid in advance for their calls, they were eager to know how much time they'd spent on the call so far.

So, the phone company designed phones for use globally with this added feature.

Ethnographic research has also been carried out in computer companies.

In one company, IT systems administrators were observed for several weeks.

It was found that a large amount of their work involved communicating with colleagues in order to solve problems,

but that they didn't have a standard way of exchanging information from spreadsheets and so on.

So, the team came up with an idea for software that would help them to do this.

In another piece of research, a team observed and talked to nurses working in hospitals.

This led to the recognition that the nurses needed to access the computer records of their patients no matter where they were.

This led to the development of a portable computer tablet that allowed the nurses to check records in locations throughout the hospital.

Occasionally, research can be done even in environments where the researchers can't be present.

For example, in one project done for an airline, respondents used their smartphones to record information during airline trips,

in a study aiming at tracking the emotions of passengers during a flight.

So what makes studies like these different from ordinary research?

Let's look at some of the general principles behind ethnographic research in business.

First of all, the researcher has to be completely open -minded.

He or she hasn't thought up a hypothesis to be tested, as is the case in other types of research.

Instead, they wait for the participants in the research to inform them.

As far as choosing the participants themselves is concerned, that's not really all that different from ordinary research.

The criteria according to which the participants are chosen may be something as simple as the age bracket they fall into,

or the researchers may select them according to their income,

or they might try to find a set of people who all use a particular product, for example.

But it's absolutely crucial to recruit the right people as participants.

As well as the criteria I've mentioned, they have to be comfortable talking about themselves and being watched as they go about their activities.

Actually, most researchers say that people open up pretty easily, maybe because they're often in their own home or workplace.

So, what makes this type of research special is that it's not just a matter of sending a questionnaire to the participants.

Instead, the research is usually based on first -hand observation of what they are doing at the time.

But that doesn't mean that the researcher never talks to the participants.

However, unlike in traditional research,

in this case, it's the participant rather than the researchers who decides what direction the interview will follow.

This means that there's less likelihood of the researcher imposing his or her own ideas on the participant.

But after they've said goodbye to their participants and got back to their office, the researcher's work isn't finished.

Most researchers estimate that 70 to 80 % of their time is spent not on the collecting of data, but on its analysis, looking at photos,

listening to recordings and transcribing them, and so on.

The researchers may end up with hundreds of pages of notes, and to determine what's significant,

they don't focus on the sensational things or the unusual things.

Instead, they try to identify a pattern of some sort in all this data and to discern the meaning behind it.

This can result in some compelling insights that can, in turn, feed back to the whole design process.

That is the end of Section 4.

You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Thank you.

And wait for your question booklet to be collected.

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Cambridge 11 Test 2 Section 4 Listening

Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze spreekles is gebaseerd op de video “Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: researcher, participant, ethnographic, ethnography, type. Deze video bevat 64 zinnen en 905 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 8:29. De spreker praat langzaam, ongeveer 107 woorden per minuut, zodat je tijd hebt om elke klank na te doen. 84% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
researcher zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	onderzoeker
participant zelfstandig naamwoord	/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/	deelnemer, participant
nurse zelfstandig naamwoord	/nɝs/	verpleegkundige
ordinary bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/	gewoon, alledaags
collect werkwoord	/ˈkɑlɪkt/	verzamelen, opstapelen
insight zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/	inzicht
observe werkwoord	/əbˈzɜːv/	respecteren, in acht nemen
airline zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/	luchtvaartmaatschappij
recognition zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/	herkenning
select werkwoord	/sɪˈlɛkt/	uitkiezen, selecteer
unusual bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/	ongebruikelijk, ongewoon
solve werkwoord	/sɒlv/	oplossen
occasionally bijwoord	/əˈkeɪʒənəli/	af en toe, wel eens
passenger zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/	passagier
principle zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/	principe, beginsel

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

Woord	Betekenis
come up with werkwoord	bedenken, verzinnen
think up werkwoord	bedenken, verzinnen

Grammatica in deze video

De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:

Structuur	In de video
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet	been used · was developed · were used
Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt	it's also been · has also been carried · hasn't thought
Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding	people who didn · people who all
Mogelijkheid met “might / may” might/may + werkwoord — iets is mogelijk maar niet zeker	may ask · may be · may select

Uitspraak om op te letten

De spreker gebruikt 13 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals didn't, can't, couldn't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.

De “th”-klanken: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/, ethnography /ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/
De klanken “sh” en “zh”: recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, solve /sɒlv/, colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/, likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/, transcribe /trænˈskɹaɪb/
/æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: passenger /ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/, tablet /ˈtæblət/, bracket /ˈbɹækɪt/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/, transcribe /trænˈskɹaɪb/
/g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, goodbye /ɡʊdˈbaɪ/, eager /ˈiɡɚ/, colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/, globally /ˈɡloʊbəli/

Zo oefen je met deze video

Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als researcher, participant, nurse.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

Shadowing-techniek: lees de volledige stap-voor-stap-gids →

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