シャドーイング練習: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Section 4

You will hear part of a lecture to business students about the use of one particular type of research known as ethnography.

First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.

Thank you.

questions 31 to 40.

So, what I'm going to talk about to you today is something called ethnography.

This is a type of research aimed at exploring the way human cultures work.

It was first developed for use in anthropology, and it's also been used in sociology and communication studies.

So, what's it got to do with business, you may ask?

Well, businesses are finding that ethnography can offer them deeper insight into the possible needs of customers,

either present or future, as well as providing valuable information about their attitudes towards existing products.

And ethnography can also help companies to design new products or services that customers really want.

Let's look at some examples of how ethnographic research works in business.

One team of researchers did a project for a company manufacturing kitchen equipment.

They watched how cooks used measuring cups to measure out things like sugar and flour.

They saw that the cooks had to check and recheck the contents

because although the measuring cups had numbers inside them the cooks couldn't see these easily

so a new design of cup was developed to overcome this problem

and it was a top seller another team of ethnographic researchers

looked at how cell phones were used in uganda in africa they found

that people who didn't have their own phones could pay to use the phones of local entrepreneurs

because these customers paid in advance for their calls, they were eager to know how much time they'd spent on the call so far.

So, the phone company designed phones for use globally with this added feature.

Ethnographic research has also been carried out in computer companies.

In one company, IT systems administrators were observed for several weeks.

It was found that a large amount of their work involved communicating with colleagues in order to solve problems,

but that they didn't have a standard way of exchanging information from spreadsheets and so on.

So, the team came up with an idea for software that would help them to do this.

In another piece of research, a team observed and talked to nurses working in hospitals.

This led to the recognition that the nurses needed to access the computer records of their patients no matter where they were.

This led to the development of a portable computer tablet that allowed the nurses to check records in locations throughout the hospital.

Occasionally, research can be done even in environments where the researchers can't be present.

For example, in one project done for an airline, respondents used their smartphones to record information during airline trips,

in a study aiming at tracking the emotions of passengers during a flight.

So what makes studies like these different from ordinary research?

Let's look at some of the general principles behind ethnographic research in business.

First of all, the researcher has to be completely open -minded.

He or she hasn't thought up a hypothesis to be tested, as is the case in other types of research.

Instead, they wait for the participants in the research to inform them.

As far as choosing the participants themselves is concerned, that's not really all that different from ordinary research.

The criteria according to which the participants are chosen may be something as simple as the age bracket they fall into,

or the researchers may select them according to their income,

or they might try to find a set of people who all use a particular product, for example.

But it's absolutely crucial to recruit the right people as participants.

As well as the criteria I've mentioned, they have to be comfortable talking about themselves and being watched as they go about their activities.

Actually, most researchers say that people open up pretty easily, maybe because they're often in their own home or workplace.

So, what makes this type of research special is that it's not just a matter of sending a questionnaire to the participants.

Instead, the research is usually based on first -hand observation of what they are doing at the time.

But that doesn't mean that the researcher never talks to the participants.

However, unlike in traditional research,

in this case, it's the participant rather than the researchers who decides what direction the interview will follow.

This means that there's less likelihood of the researcher imposing his or her own ideas on the participant.

But after they've said goodbye to their participants and got back to their office, the researcher's work isn't finished.

Most researchers estimate that 70 to 80 % of their time is spent not on the collecting of data, but on its analysis, looking at photos,

listening to recordings and transcribing them, and so on.

The researchers may end up with hundreds of pages of notes, and to determine what's significant,

they don't focus on the sensational things or the unusual things.

Instead, they try to identify a pattern of some sort in all this data and to discern the meaning behind it.

This can result in some compelling insights that can, in turn, feed back to the whole design process.

That is the end of Section 4.

You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Thank you.

And wait for your question booklet to be collected.

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Cambridge 11 Test 2 Section 4 Listening

このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：researcher, participant, ethnographic, ethnography, type。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が64文、単語が905語あります。音声の長さは8:29です。話す速さはゆっくりで、1分あたり約107語です。一つ一つの音をまねる余裕があります。単語の84%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
researcher 名詞	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	研究員, 研究者
participant 名詞	/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/	参加者, 関与者
nurse 名詞	/nɝs/	看護師, 看護士
ordinary 形容詞	/ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/	通常な, 普通な
collect 動詞	/ˈkɑlɪkt/	集める, 収集する
observe 動詞	/əbˈzɜːv/	守る, 従う
airline 名詞	/ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/	航空会社, エアライン
recognition 名詞	/ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/	承認
select 動詞	/sɪˈlɛkt/	選ぶ
unusual 形容詞	/ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/	珍しい
solve 動詞	/sɒlv/	解決する
occasionally 副詞	/əˈkeɪʒənəli/	たまに, 偶に
passenger 名詞	/ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/	乗客, 旅客
principle 名詞	/ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/	原理, 原則
explore 動詞	/ɪkˈsploɹ/	探検する

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	been used · was developed · were used
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	it's also been · has also been carried · hasn't thought
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	people who didn · people who all
「might / may」による可能性 might/may + 動詞 — 起こりうるが確実ではないこと	may ask · may be · may select

注意したい発音

話し手はdidn't, can't, couldn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を13回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/, ethnography /ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/
「sh」と「zh」の音: recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: airline /ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, explore /ɪkˈsploɹ/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, portable /ˈpɔɹtəbəl/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, solve /sɒlv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: inform /ɪnˈfɔɹm/, smartphone /ˈsmɑɹtfoʊn/, flour /ˈflaʊ.ə/, ethnography /ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。researcher, participant, nurseなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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