تدريب Shadowing: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو

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Section 4

You will hear part of a lecture to business students about the use of one particular type of research known as ethnography.

First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.

Thank you.

questions 31 to 40.

So, what I'm going to talk about to you today is something called ethnography.

This is a type of research aimed at exploring the way human cultures work.

It was first developed for use in anthropology, and it's also been used in sociology and communication studies.

So, what's it got to do with business, you may ask?

Well, businesses are finding that ethnography can offer them deeper insight into the possible needs of customers,

either present or future, as well as providing valuable information about their attitudes towards existing products.

And ethnography can also help companies to design new products or services that customers really want.

Let's look at some examples of how ethnographic research works in business.

One team of researchers did a project for a company manufacturing kitchen equipment.

They watched how cooks used measuring cups to measure out things like sugar and flour.

They saw that the cooks had to check and recheck the contents

because although the measuring cups had numbers inside them the cooks couldn't see these easily

so a new design of cup was developed to overcome this problem

and it was a top seller another team of ethnographic researchers

looked at how cell phones were used in uganda in africa they found

that people who didn't have their own phones could pay to use the phones of local entrepreneurs

because these customers paid in advance for their calls, they were eager to know how much time they'd spent on the call so far.

So, the phone company designed phones for use globally with this added feature.

Ethnographic research has also been carried out in computer companies.

In one company, IT systems administrators were observed for several weeks.

It was found that a large amount of their work involved communicating with colleagues in order to solve problems,

but that they didn't have a standard way of exchanging information from spreadsheets and so on.

So, the team came up with an idea for software that would help them to do this.

In another piece of research, a team observed and talked to nurses working in hospitals.

This led to the recognition that the nurses needed to access the computer records of their patients no matter where they were.

This led to the development of a portable computer tablet that allowed the nurses to check records in locations throughout the hospital.

Occasionally, research can be done even in environments where the researchers can't be present.

For example, in one project done for an airline, respondents used their smartphones to record information during airline trips,

in a study aiming at tracking the emotions of passengers during a flight.

So what makes studies like these different from ordinary research?

Let's look at some of the general principles behind ethnographic research in business.

First of all, the researcher has to be completely open -minded.

He or she hasn't thought up a hypothesis to be tested, as is the case in other types of research.

Instead, they wait for the participants in the research to inform them.

As far as choosing the participants themselves is concerned, that's not really all that different from ordinary research.

The criteria according to which the participants are chosen may be something as simple as the age bracket they fall into,

or the researchers may select them according to their income,

or they might try to find a set of people who all use a particular product, for example.

But it's absolutely crucial to recruit the right people as participants.

As well as the criteria I've mentioned, they have to be comfortable talking about themselves and being watched as they go about their activities.

Actually, most researchers say that people open up pretty easily, maybe because they're often in their own home or workplace.

So, what makes this type of research special is that it's not just a matter of sending a questionnaire to the participants.

Instead, the research is usually based on first -hand observation of what they are doing at the time.

But that doesn't mean that the researcher never talks to the participants.

However, unlike in traditional research,

in this case, it's the participant rather than the researchers who decides what direction the interview will follow.

This means that there's less likelihood of the researcher imposing his or her own ideas on the participant.

But after they've said goodbye to their participants and got back to their office, the researcher's work isn't finished.

Most researchers estimate that 70 to 80 % of their time is spent not on the collecting of data, but on its analysis, looking at photos,

listening to recordings and transcribing them, and so on.

The researchers may end up with hundreds of pages of notes, and to determine what's significant,

they don't focus on the sensational things or the unusual things.

Instead, they try to identify a pattern of some sort in all this data and to discern the meaning behind it.

This can result in some compelling insights that can, in turn, feed back to the whole design process.

That is the end of Section 4.

You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Thank you.

And wait for your question booklet to be collected.

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Cambridge 11 Test 2 Section 4 Listening

المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس

هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: researcher, participant, ethnographic, ethnography, type. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 64 جملة و905 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 8:29. يتكلم المتحدث ببطء، بمعدل 107 كلمة في الدقيقة تقريبًا، فيكون لديك وقت لتقليد كل صوت. 84% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، ويُستحسن مراجعة الباقي قبل البدء.

أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو

15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:

الكلمة	النطق	المعنى
researcher اسم	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	بَاحِث, بَاحِثَة
participant اسم	/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/	مُشَارِك, مُشَارِكَة
nurse اسم	/nɝs/	مُمَرِّض, مُمَرِّضَة
ordinary صفة	/ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/	عَادِيّ, مَأْلُوف
collect فعل	/ˈkɑlɪkt/	جَمَعَ
insight اسم	/ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/	نظرة ثاقبة
observe فعل	/əbˈzɜːv/	لَاحَظَ, رَاقَبَ
airline اسم	/ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/	شَرِكَة طَيَرَان, خُطُوط جَوِيَّة
select فعل	/sɪˈlɛkt/	اِخْتَارَ
solve فعل	/sɒlv/	ذَابَ, حَلَّ
occasionally ظرف	/əˈkeɪʒənəli/	أَحْيَانًا
passenger اسم	/ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/	مُسَافِر, مُسَافِرَة
principle اسم	/ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/	مَبْدَأ, قاعِدَة
explore فعل	/ɪkˈsploɹ/	اِسْتَكْشَفَ
goodbye	/ɡʊdˈbaɪ/	مَعَ السَّلَامَة, إِلَى اللِّقَاء

الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها

الكلمة	المعنى
come up with فعل	جَاءَ بِـ, أَتَى بِـ

القواعد في هذا الفيديو

أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:

التركيب	في الفيديو
المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله	been used · was developed · were used
المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن	it's also been · has also been carried · hasn't thought
جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء	people who didn · people who all
الاحتمال بـ “might / may” might/may + فعل — شيء ممكن لكنه غير مؤكد	may ask · may be · may select

نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه

يستخدم المتحدث 13 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل didn't, can't, couldn't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.

أصوات “th”: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/, ethnography /ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/
أصوات “sh” و“zh”: recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/

أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:

/p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, passenger /ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, explore /ɪkˈsploɹ/, workplace /ˈwɝkˌpleɪs/
/v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, solve /sɒlv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/
تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, collect /ˈkɑlɪkt/, select /sɪˈlɛkt/, solve /sɒlv/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/

كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو

استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل researcher, participant, nurse.

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.

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تدريب Shadowing: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو

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