शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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Section 4

You will hear part of a lecture to business students about the use of one particular type of research known as ethnography.

First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.

Thank you.

questions 31 to 40.

So, what I'm going to talk about to you today is something called ethnography.

This is a type of research aimed at exploring the way human cultures work.

It was first developed for use in anthropology, and it's also been used in sociology and communication studies.

So, what's it got to do with business, you may ask?

Well, businesses are finding that ethnography can offer them deeper insight into the possible needs of customers,

either present or future, as well as providing valuable information about their attitudes towards existing products.

And ethnography can also help companies to design new products or services that customers really want.

Let's look at some examples of how ethnographic research works in business.

One team of researchers did a project for a company manufacturing kitchen equipment.

They watched how cooks used measuring cups to measure out things like sugar and flour.

They saw that the cooks had to check and recheck the contents

because although the measuring cups had numbers inside them the cooks couldn't see these easily

so a new design of cup was developed to overcome this problem

and it was a top seller another team of ethnographic researchers

looked at how cell phones were used in uganda in africa they found

that people who didn't have their own phones could pay to use the phones of local entrepreneurs

because these customers paid in advance for their calls, they were eager to know how much time they'd spent on the call so far.

So, the phone company designed phones for use globally with this added feature.

Ethnographic research has also been carried out in computer companies.

In one company, IT systems administrators were observed for several weeks.

It was found that a large amount of their work involved communicating with colleagues in order to solve problems,

but that they didn't have a standard way of exchanging information from spreadsheets and so on.

So, the team came up with an idea for software that would help them to do this.

In another piece of research, a team observed and talked to nurses working in hospitals.

This led to the recognition that the nurses needed to access the computer records of their patients no matter where they were.

This led to the development of a portable computer tablet that allowed the nurses to check records in locations throughout the hospital.

Occasionally, research can be done even in environments where the researchers can't be present.

For example, in one project done for an airline, respondents used their smartphones to record information during airline trips,

in a study aiming at tracking the emotions of passengers during a flight.

So what makes studies like these different from ordinary research?

Let's look at some of the general principles behind ethnographic research in business.

First of all, the researcher has to be completely open -minded.

He or she hasn't thought up a hypothesis to be tested, as is the case in other types of research.

Instead, they wait for the participants in the research to inform them.

As far as choosing the participants themselves is concerned, that's not really all that different from ordinary research.

The criteria according to which the participants are chosen may be something as simple as the age bracket they fall into,

or the researchers may select them according to their income,

or they might try to find a set of people who all use a particular product, for example.

But it's absolutely crucial to recruit the right people as participants.

As well as the criteria I've mentioned, they have to be comfortable talking about themselves and being watched as they go about their activities.

Actually, most researchers say that people open up pretty easily, maybe because they're often in their own home or workplace.

So, what makes this type of research special is that it's not just a matter of sending a questionnaire to the participants.

Instead, the research is usually based on first -hand observation of what they are doing at the time.

But that doesn't mean that the researcher never talks to the participants.

However, unlike in traditional research,

in this case, it's the participant rather than the researchers who decides what direction the interview will follow.

This means that there's less likelihood of the researcher imposing his or her own ideas on the participant.

But after they've said goodbye to their participants and got back to their office, the researcher's work isn't finished.

Most researchers estimate that 70 to 80 % of their time is spent not on the collecting of data, but on its analysis, looking at photos,

listening to recordings and transcribing them, and so on.

The researchers may end up with hundreds of pages of notes, and to determine what's significant,

they don't focus on the sensational things or the unusual things.

Instead, they try to identify a pattern of some sort in all this data and to discern the meaning behind it.

This can result in some compelling insights that can, in turn, feed back to the whole design process.

That is the end of Section 4.

You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Thank you.

And wait for your question booklet to be collected.

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उसी चैनल से

Cambridge 11 Test 2 Section 4 Listening

इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

यह स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: researcher, participant, ethnographic, ethnography, type। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 64 वाक्य और 905 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 8:29 लंबा है। वक्ता धीरे बोलता है, लगभग 107 शब्द प्रति मिनट, इसलिए हर ध्वनि की नकल करने का समय मिलता है। 84% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

शब्द	उच्चारण	अर्थ
researcher संज्ञा	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	शोधकर्ता, शोधक
participant संज्ञा	/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/	भागी, भागिनी
nurse संज्ञा	/nɝs/	नर्स
ordinary विशेषण	/ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/	साधारण, मामूली
collect क्रिया	/ˈkɑlɪkt/	शामिल होने, इकट्ठा करना
observe क्रिया	/əbˈzɜːv/	देखना
airline संज्ञा	/ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/	एयरलाइन, हवाई कम्पनी
select क्रिया	/sɪˈlɛkt/	चुनना, चयन करना
solve क्रिया	/sɒlv/	सुलझाना, हल करना
passenger संज्ञा	/ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/	पैसिंजर, मुसाफ़िर
principle संज्ञा	/ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/	जड़सूत्र, असूल
explore क्रिया	/ɪkˈsploɹ/	अन्वेषण करना
goodbye	/ɡʊdˈbaɪ/	नमस्ते, ख़ुदा हाफ़िज़
estimate संज्ञा	/ˈɛs.tɪ.mət/	आकलन, अनुमान
crucial विशेषण	/ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/	निर्णायक

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचना	वीडियो में
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है	been used · was developed · were used
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है	it's also been · has also been carried · hasn't thought
Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी	people who didn · people who all
“might / may” से संभावना might/may + क्रिया — जो हो सकता है पर पक्का नहीं	may ask · may be · may select

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

वक्ता 13 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे didn't, can't, couldn't। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।

“th” की ध्वनियाँ: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/, ethnography /ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/
“sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/

हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:

/v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, solve /sɒlv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, workplace /ˈwɝkˌpleɪs/
/z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, discern /dɪˈzɝn/
शब्द की शुरुआत में s + व्यंजन — पहले “इ” न जोड़ें: smartphone /ˈsmɑɹtfoʊn/, spreadsheet /ˈspɹɛd.ʃit/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर researcher, participant, nurse जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →

शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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