跟讀練習: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Section 4

You will hear part of a lecture to business students about the use of one particular type of research known as ethnography.

First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.

Thank you.

questions 31 to 40.

So, what I'm going to talk about to you today is something called ethnography.

This is a type of research aimed at exploring the way human cultures work.

It was first developed for use in anthropology, and it's also been used in sociology and communication studies.

So, what's it got to do with business, you may ask?

Well, businesses are finding that ethnography can offer them deeper insight into the possible needs of customers,

either present or future, as well as providing valuable information about their attitudes towards existing products.

And ethnography can also help companies to design new products or services that customers really want.

Let's look at some examples of how ethnographic research works in business.

One team of researchers did a project for a company manufacturing kitchen equipment.

They watched how cooks used measuring cups to measure out things like sugar and flour.

They saw that the cooks had to check and recheck the contents

because although the measuring cups had numbers inside them the cooks couldn't see these easily

so a new design of cup was developed to overcome this problem

and it was a top seller another team of ethnographic researchers

looked at how cell phones were used in uganda in africa they found

that people who didn't have their own phones could pay to use the phones of local entrepreneurs

because these customers paid in advance for their calls, they were eager to know how much time they'd spent on the call so far.

So, the phone company designed phones for use globally with this added feature.

Ethnographic research has also been carried out in computer companies.

In one company, IT systems administrators were observed for several weeks.

It was found that a large amount of their work involved communicating with colleagues in order to solve problems,

but that they didn't have a standard way of exchanging information from spreadsheets and so on.

So, the team came up with an idea for software that would help them to do this.

In another piece of research, a team observed and talked to nurses working in hospitals.

This led to the recognition that the nurses needed to access the computer records of their patients no matter where they were.

This led to the development of a portable computer tablet that allowed the nurses to check records in locations throughout the hospital.

Occasionally, research can be done even in environments where the researchers can't be present.

For example, in one project done for an airline, respondents used their smartphones to record information during airline trips,

in a study aiming at tracking the emotions of passengers during a flight.

So what makes studies like these different from ordinary research?

Let's look at some of the general principles behind ethnographic research in business.

First of all, the researcher has to be completely open -minded.

He or she hasn't thought up a hypothesis to be tested, as is the case in other types of research.

Instead, they wait for the participants in the research to inform them.

As far as choosing the participants themselves is concerned, that's not really all that different from ordinary research.

The criteria according to which the participants are chosen may be something as simple as the age bracket they fall into,

or the researchers may select them according to their income,

or they might try to find a set of people who all use a particular product, for example.

But it's absolutely crucial to recruit the right people as participants.

As well as the criteria I've mentioned, they have to be comfortable talking about themselves and being watched as they go about their activities.

Actually, most researchers say that people open up pretty easily, maybe because they're often in their own home or workplace.

So, what makes this type of research special is that it's not just a matter of sending a questionnaire to the participants.

Instead, the research is usually based on first -hand observation of what they are doing at the time.

But that doesn't mean that the researcher never talks to the participants.

However, unlike in traditional research,

in this case, it's the participant rather than the researchers who decides what direction the interview will follow.

This means that there's less likelihood of the researcher imposing his or her own ideas on the participant.

But after they've said goodbye to their participants and got back to their office, the researcher's work isn't finished.

Most researchers estimate that 70 to 80 % of their time is spent not on the collecting of data, but on its analysis, looking at photos,

listening to recordings and transcribing them, and so on.

The researchers may end up with hundreds of pages of notes, and to determine what's significant,

they don't focus on the sensational things or the unusual things.

Instead, they try to identify a pattern of some sort in all this data and to discern the meaning behind it.

This can result in some compelling insights that can, in turn, feed back to the whole design process.

That is the end of Section 4.

You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Thank you.

And wait for your question booklet to be collected.

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Cambridge 11 Test 2 Section 4 Listening

本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節口語課以影片“Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：researcher, participant, ethnographic, ethnography, type。這段影片共有 64 個句子、905 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 8:29。說話人語速較慢，每分鐘約 107 個詞，你有足夠的時間模仿每一個音。 84% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
researcher 名詞	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	研究員 /研究員, 研究者
participant 名詞	/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/	參加者 /參加者, 參與者 /參與者
nurse 名詞	/nɝs/	護士 /護士, 看護 /看護
ordinary 形容詞	/ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/	普通, 平常
collect 動詞	/ˈkɑlɪkt/	庋藏, 收藏
insight 名詞	/ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/	見地 /見地
observe 動詞	/əbˈzɜːv/	遵守, 遵循
airline 名詞	/ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/	航空公司
recognition 名詞	/ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/	認出 /認出
select 動詞	/sɪˈlɛkt/	選 /選, 挑選 /挑選
unusual 形容詞	/ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/	稀有
solve 動詞	/sɒlv/	解決 /解決
occasionally 副詞	/əˈkeɪʒənəli/	偶爾 /偶爾, 偶然
passenger 名詞	/ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/	乘客, 旅客
principle 名詞	/ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/	原理, 原則 /原則

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
come up with 動詞	想出, 提出

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	been used · was developed · were used
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	it's also been · has also been carried · hasn't thought
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	people who didn · people who all
用 “might / may” 表可能 might/may + 動詞 — 有可能但不確定的事	may ask · may be · may select

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 13 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 didn't, can't, couldn't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/, ethnography /ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, solve /sɒlv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, nurse /nɝs/, collect /ˈkɑlɪkt/, insight /ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/, observe /əbˈzɜːv/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: airline /ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, explore /ɪkˈsploɹ/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, portable /ˈpɔɹtəbəl/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 researcher, participant, nurse 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - 通過影片學習英語口語

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