跟读练习: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - 通过视频学习英语口语

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Section 4

You will hear part of a lecture to business students about the use of one particular type of research known as ethnography.

First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.

Thank you.

questions 31 to 40.

So, what I'm going to talk about to you today is something called ethnography.

This is a type of research aimed at exploring the way human cultures work.

It was first developed for use in anthropology, and it's also been used in sociology and communication studies.

So, what's it got to do with business, you may ask?

Well, businesses are finding that ethnography can offer them deeper insight into the possible needs of customers,

either present or future, as well as providing valuable information about their attitudes towards existing products.

And ethnography can also help companies to design new products or services that customers really want.

Let's look at some examples of how ethnographic research works in business.

One team of researchers did a project for a company manufacturing kitchen equipment.

They watched how cooks used measuring cups to measure out things like sugar and flour.

They saw that the cooks had to check and recheck the contents

because although the measuring cups had numbers inside them the cooks couldn't see these easily

so a new design of cup was developed to overcome this problem

and it was a top seller another team of ethnographic researchers

looked at how cell phones were used in uganda in africa they found

that people who didn't have their own phones could pay to use the phones of local entrepreneurs

because these customers paid in advance for their calls, they were eager to know how much time they'd spent on the call so far.

So, the phone company designed phones for use globally with this added feature.

Ethnographic research has also been carried out in computer companies.

In one company, IT systems administrators were observed for several weeks.

It was found that a large amount of their work involved communicating with colleagues in order to solve problems,

but that they didn't have a standard way of exchanging information from spreadsheets and so on.

So, the team came up with an idea for software that would help them to do this.

In another piece of research, a team observed and talked to nurses working in hospitals.

This led to the recognition that the nurses needed to access the computer records of their patients no matter where they were.

This led to the development of a portable computer tablet that allowed the nurses to check records in locations throughout the hospital.

Occasionally, research can be done even in environments where the researchers can't be present.

For example, in one project done for an airline, respondents used their smartphones to record information during airline trips,

in a study aiming at tracking the emotions of passengers during a flight.

So what makes studies like these different from ordinary research?

Let's look at some of the general principles behind ethnographic research in business.

First of all, the researcher has to be completely open -minded.

He or she hasn't thought up a hypothesis to be tested, as is the case in other types of research.

Instead, they wait for the participants in the research to inform them.

As far as choosing the participants themselves is concerned, that's not really all that different from ordinary research.

The criteria according to which the participants are chosen may be something as simple as the age bracket they fall into,

or the researchers may select them according to their income,

or they might try to find a set of people who all use a particular product, for example.

But it's absolutely crucial to recruit the right people as participants.

As well as the criteria I've mentioned, they have to be comfortable talking about themselves and being watched as they go about their activities.

Actually, most researchers say that people open up pretty easily, maybe because they're often in their own home or workplace.

So, what makes this type of research special is that it's not just a matter of sending a questionnaire to the participants.

Instead, the research is usually based on first -hand observation of what they are doing at the time.

But that doesn't mean that the researcher never talks to the participants.

However, unlike in traditional research,

in this case, it's the participant rather than the researchers who decides what direction the interview will follow.

This means that there's less likelihood of the researcher imposing his or her own ideas on the participant.

But after they've said goodbye to their participants and got back to their office, the researcher's work isn't finished.

Most researchers estimate that 70 to 80 % of their time is spent not on the collecting of data, but on its analysis, looking at photos,

listening to recordings and transcribing them, and so on.

The researchers may end up with hundreds of pages of notes, and to determine what's significant,

they don't focus on the sensational things or the unusual things.

Instead, they try to identify a pattern of some sort in all this data and to discern the meaning behind it.

This can result in some compelling insights that can, in turn, feed back to the whole design process.

That is the end of Section 4.

You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Thank you.

And wait for your question booklet to be collected.

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同频道

Cambridge 11 Test 2 Section 4 Listening

本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：researcher, participant, ethnographic, ethnography, type。这段视频共有 64 个句子、905 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 8:29。说话人语速较慢，每分钟约 107 个词，你有足够的时间模仿每一个音。 84% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
researcher 名词	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	研究員 /研究员, 研究者
participant 名词	/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/	參加者 /参加者, 參與者 /参与者
nurse 名词	/nɝs/	護士 /护士, 看護 /看护
ordinary 形容词	/ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/	普通, 平常
collect 动词	/ˈkɑlɪkt/	庋藏, 收藏
insight 名词	/ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/	見地 /见地
observe 动词	/əbˈzɜːv/	遵守, 遵循
airline 名词	/ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/	航空公司
recognition 名词	/ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/	認出 /认出
select 动词	/sɪˈlɛkt/	選 /选, 挑選 /挑选
unusual 形容词	/ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/	稀有
solve 动词	/sɒlv/	解決 /解决
occasionally 副词	/əˈkeɪʒənəli/	偶爾 /偶尔, 偶然
passenger 名词	/ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/	乘客, 旅客
principle 名词	/ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/	原理, 原則 /原则

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	释义
come up with 动词	想出, 提出

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	been used · was developed · were used
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	it's also been · has also been carried · hasn't thought
定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物	people who didn · people who all
用 “might / may” 表可能 might/may + 动词 — 有可能但不确定的事	may ask · may be · may select

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 13 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 didn't, can't, couldn't。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“th” 音: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/, ethnography /ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
长单词——注意重音位置: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, solve /sɒlv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, nurse /nɝs/, collect /ˈkɑlɪkt/, insight /ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/, observe /əbˈzɜːv/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: airline /ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, explore /ɪkˈsploɹ/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, portable /ˈpɔɹtəbəl/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 researcher, participant, nurse 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

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