Shadowing Practice: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Section 4
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You will hear part of a lecture to business students about the use of one particular type of research known as ethnography.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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questions 31 to 40.
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So, what I'm going to talk about to you today is something called ethnography.
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This is a type of research aimed at exploring the way human cultures work.
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It was first developed for use in anthropology, and it's also been used in sociology and communication studies.
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So, what's it got to do with business, you may ask?
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Well, businesses are finding that ethnography can offer them deeper insight into the possible needs of customers,
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either present or future, as well as providing valuable information about their attitudes towards existing products.
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And ethnography can also help companies to design new products or services that customers really want.
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Let's look at some examples of how ethnographic research works in business.
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One team of researchers did a project for a company manufacturing kitchen equipment.
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They watched how cooks used measuring cups to measure out things like sugar and flour.
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They saw that the cooks had to check and recheck the contents
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because although the measuring cups had numbers inside them the cooks couldn't see these easily
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so a new design of cup was developed to overcome this problem
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and it was a top seller another team of ethnographic researchers
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looked at how cell phones were used in uganda in africa they found
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that people who didn't have their own phones could pay to use the phones of local entrepreneurs
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because these customers paid in advance for their calls, they were eager to know how much time they'd spent on the call so far.
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So, the phone company designed phones for use globally with this added feature.
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Ethnographic research has also been carried out in computer companies.
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In one company, IT systems administrators were observed for several weeks.
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It was found that a large amount of their work involved communicating with colleagues in order to solve problems,
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but that they didn't have a standard way of exchanging information from spreadsheets and so on.
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So, the team came up with an idea for software that would help them to do this.
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In another piece of research, a team observed and talked to nurses working in hospitals.
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This led to the recognition that the nurses needed to access the computer records of their patients no matter where they were.
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This led to the development of a portable computer tablet that allowed the nurses to check records in locations throughout the hospital.
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Occasionally, research can be done even in environments where the researchers can't be present.
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For example, in one project done for an airline, respondents used their smartphones to record information during airline trips,
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in a study aiming at tracking the emotions of passengers during a flight.
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So what makes studies like these different from ordinary research?
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Let's look at some of the general principles behind ethnographic research in business.
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First of all, the researcher has to be completely open -minded.
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He or she hasn't thought up a hypothesis to be tested, as is the case in other types of research.
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Instead, they wait for the participants in the research to inform them.
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As far as choosing the participants themselves is concerned, that's not really all that different from ordinary research.
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The criteria according to which the participants are chosen may be something as simple as the age bracket they fall into,
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or the researchers may select them according to their income,
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or they might try to find a set of people who all use a particular product, for example.
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But it's absolutely crucial to recruit the right people as participants.
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As well as the criteria I've mentioned, they have to be comfortable talking about themselves and being watched as they go about their activities.
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Actually, most researchers say that people open up pretty easily, maybe because they're often in their own home or workplace.
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So, what makes this type of research special is that it's not just a matter of sending a questionnaire to the participants.
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Instead, the research is usually based on first -hand observation of what they are doing at the time.
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But that doesn't mean that the researcher never talks to the participants.
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However, unlike in traditional research,
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in this case, it's the participant rather than the researchers who decides what direction the interview will follow.
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This means that there's less likelihood of the researcher imposing his or her own ideas on the participant.
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But after they've said goodbye to their participants and got back to their office, the researcher's work isn't finished.
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Most researchers estimate that 70 to 80 % of their time is spent not on the collecting of data, but on its analysis, looking at photos,
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listening to recordings and transcribing them, and so on.
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The researchers may end up with hundreds of pages of notes, and to determine what's significant,
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they don't focus on the sensational things or the unusual things.
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Instead, they try to identify a pattern of some sort in all this data and to discern the meaning behind it.
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This can result in some compelling insights that can, in turn, feed back to the whole design process.
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.
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And wait for your question booklet to be collected.
Uygulamayı İndir
Akıcı konuşmak için ihtiyacınız olan her şey
AI TelaffuzHer cümleyi puanla
IPA AlıştırmasıHer sesi ustalaştır
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu konuşma dersi “Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: researcher, participant, ethnographic, ethnography, type. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 64 cümle ve 905 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 8:29 sürüyor. Konuşmacı yavaş konuşuyor, dakikada yaklaşık 107 kelime; her sesi taklit etmek için zamanınız var. Kelimelerin %84’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| researcher isim | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | araştırmacı, araştırıcı |
| participant isim | /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/ | katılımcı, iştirakçı |
| nurse isim | /nɝs/ | hemşire, tıp bacısı |
| ordinary sıfat | /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/ | sıradan, olağan |
| collect fiil | /ˈkɑlɪkt/ | katılmak, toplamak |
| airline isim | /ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/ | hava yolu, havayolu |
| recognition isim | /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/ | tanınma |
| unusual sıfat | /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/ | alışılmadık, olağandışı |
| solve fiil | /sɒlv/ | çözmek, halletmek |
| occasionally zarf | /əˈkeɪʒənəli/ | ara sıra |
| passenger isim | /ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/ | yolcu |
| principle isim | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | prensip, ilke |
| explore fiil | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | araştırmak |
| goodbye | /ɡʊdˈbaɪ/ | güle güle, hoşça kal |
| overcome fiil | /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/ | yenmek, atlatmak |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | been used · was developed · were used |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | it's also been · has also been carried · hasn't thought |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | people who didn · people who all |
| “might / may” ile olasılık might/may + fiil — mümkün ama kesin olmayan bir şey | may ask · may be · may select |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı didn't, can't, couldn't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 13 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “th” sesleri: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/, ethnography /ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: workplace /ˈwɝkˌpleɪs/, questionnaire /ˌk(w)ɛstʃəˈnɛə/
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, smartphone /ˈsmɑɹtfoʊn/, flour /ˈflaʊ.ə/, bracket /ˈbɹækɪt/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: passenger /ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/, tablet /ˈtæblət/, bracket /ˈbɹækɪt/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/, transcribe /trænˈskɹaɪb/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; researcher, participant, nurse gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.