Практика Shadowing: Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Section 4
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You will hear part of a lecture to business students about the use of one particular type of research known as ethnography.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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questions 31 to 40.
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So, what I'm going to talk about to you today is something called ethnography.
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This is a type of research aimed at exploring the way human cultures work.
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It was first developed for use in anthropology, and it's also been used in sociology and communication studies.
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So, what's it got to do with business, you may ask?
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Well, businesses are finding that ethnography can offer them deeper insight into the possible needs of customers,
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either present or future, as well as providing valuable information about their attitudes towards existing products.
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And ethnography can also help companies to design new products or services that customers really want.
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Let's look at some examples of how ethnographic research works in business.
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One team of researchers did a project for a company manufacturing kitchen equipment.
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They watched how cooks used measuring cups to measure out things like sugar and flour.
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They saw that the cooks had to check and recheck the contents
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because although the measuring cups had numbers inside them the cooks couldn't see these easily
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so a new design of cup was developed to overcome this problem
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and it was a top seller another team of ethnographic researchers
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looked at how cell phones were used in uganda in africa they found
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that people who didn't have their own phones could pay to use the phones of local entrepreneurs
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because these customers paid in advance for their calls, they were eager to know how much time they'd spent on the call so far.
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So, the phone company designed phones for use globally with this added feature.
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Ethnographic research has also been carried out in computer companies.
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In one company, IT systems administrators were observed for several weeks.
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It was found that a large amount of their work involved communicating with colleagues in order to solve problems,
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but that they didn't have a standard way of exchanging information from spreadsheets and so on.
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So, the team came up with an idea for software that would help them to do this.
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In another piece of research, a team observed and talked to nurses working in hospitals.
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This led to the recognition that the nurses needed to access the computer records of their patients no matter where they were.
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This led to the development of a portable computer tablet that allowed the nurses to check records in locations throughout the hospital.
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Occasionally, research can be done even in environments where the researchers can't be present.
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For example, in one project done for an airline, respondents used their smartphones to record information during airline trips,
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in a study aiming at tracking the emotions of passengers during a flight.
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So what makes studies like these different from ordinary research?
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Let's look at some of the general principles behind ethnographic research in business.
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First of all, the researcher has to be completely open -minded.
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He or she hasn't thought up a hypothesis to be tested, as is the case in other types of research.
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Instead, they wait for the participants in the research to inform them.
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As far as choosing the participants themselves is concerned, that's not really all that different from ordinary research.
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The criteria according to which the participants are chosen may be something as simple as the age bracket they fall into,
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or the researchers may select them according to their income,
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or they might try to find a set of people who all use a particular product, for example.
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But it's absolutely crucial to recruit the right people as participants.
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As well as the criteria I've mentioned, they have to be comfortable talking about themselves and being watched as they go about their activities.
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Actually, most researchers say that people open up pretty easily, maybe because they're often in their own home or workplace.
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So, what makes this type of research special is that it's not just a matter of sending a questionnaire to the participants.
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Instead, the research is usually based on first -hand observation of what they are doing at the time.
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But that doesn't mean that the researcher never talks to the participants.
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However, unlike in traditional research,
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in this case, it's the participant rather than the researchers who decides what direction the interview will follow.
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This means that there's less likelihood of the researcher imposing his or her own ideas on the participant.
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But after they've said goodbye to their participants and got back to their office, the researcher's work isn't finished.
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Most researchers estimate that 70 to 80 % of their time is spent not on the collecting of data, but on its analysis, looking at photos,
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listening to recordings and transcribing them, and so on.
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The researchers may end up with hundreds of pages of notes, and to determine what's significant,
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they don't focus on the sensational things or the unusual things.
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Instead, they try to identify a pattern of some sort in all this data and to discern the meaning behind it.
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This can result in some compelling insights that can, in turn, feed back to the whole design process.
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.
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And wait for your question booklet to be collected.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Cambridge 11 Test 3 Section 4 Listening». Чаще всего повторяются слова: researcher, participant, ethnographic, ethnography, type. В этом видео 64 предложений и 905 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 8:29. Говорящий говорит медленно, около 107 слов в минуту, поэтому есть время повторить каждый звук. 84% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| researcher существительное | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | иссле́дователь, иссле́довательница |
| participant существительное | /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/ | уча́стник, уча́стница |
| nurse существительное | /nɝs/ | медсестра́, сиде́лка |
| ordinary прилагательное | /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/ | обыкнове́нный, обы́чный |
| collect глагол | /ˈkɑlɪkt/ | собира́ть, собра́ть |
| insight существительное | /ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/ | интроспе́кция, инса́йт |
| observe глагол | /əbˈzɜːv/ | соблюда́ть, блюсти́ |
| airline существительное | /ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/ | авиакомпа́ния, авиапредприя́тие |
| recognition существительное | /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/ | узнава́ние, распознава́ние |
| select глагол | /sɪˈlɛkt/ | отбира́ть |
| unusual прилагательное | /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/ | необы́чный, необыкнове́нный |
| solve глагол | /sɒlv/ | реша́ть, реши́ть |
| occasionally наречие | /əˈkeɪʒənəli/ | иногда́, и́зредка |
| passenger существительное | /ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/ | пассажи́р, пассажи́рка |
| principle существительное | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | при́нцип |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| come up with глагол | придумывать, приходить в голову |
| think up глагол | приду́мывать, приду́мать |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | been used · was developed · were used |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | it's also been · has also been carried · hasn't thought |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | people who didn · people who all |
| Вероятность с «might / may» might/may + глагол — возможно, но не точно | may ask · may be · may select |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 13 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например didn't, can't, couldn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/, ethnography /ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: workplace /ˈwɝkˌpleɪs/, questionnaire /ˌk(w)ɛstʃəˈnɛə/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, solve /sɒlv/, colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/, likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/, transcribe /trænˈskɹaɪb/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как researcher, participant, nurse.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.