शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Cambridge 13 Test 1 Section 4 Listening - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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66 वाक्य
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1
Section 4.
2
You will hear part of a lecture about noise in cities.
3
First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
4
Thank you.
5
Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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This lecture will be about the science of acoustics, the study of sound, in relation to urban environments such as cities.
7
As an acoustic engineer myself, I think this is an area where we're likely to see great changes.
8
In the past, researching urban soundscapes was simple.
9
We measured levels of sound in decibels.
10
So I used to take my sound meter and I measured the noise somewhere.
11
And then I might ask a sample of people to say at what level the sound became annoying.
12
With data like this, acoustic engineers have been able to build up what we call noise maps, maps of the sound environment.
13
But actually, these aren't a lot of use.
14
What they do show is that the highest noise levels are generally on roads.
15
Well, that's not really very surprising.
16
But there's quite a lot going on that these maps don't show, because they can't capture the complex way that sound varies over time.
17
So they ignore important issues such as the noise someone might hear from the open windows or gardens of their neighbours.
18
And this sort of noise can be quite significant in summer.
19
We don't have any databases on this sort of information.
20
As well as that, these records of sound levels take no account of the fact
21
that people vary in their perceptions of noise.
22
So someone like me with years of working in acoustics might be very different from you in that regard.
23
But anyway, even though these noise maps are fairly crude, they've been useful in providing information and raising awareness that noise matters.
24
We need to deal with it, and so it's a political matter.
25
And that's important.
26
We need rules and regulations because noise can cause all sorts of problems.
27
Those of you who are city dwellers know that things go on 24 hours a day, so city dwellers often suffer from interrupted sleep.
28
It's also known
29
that noise can lead to a rise in levels of stress
30
due to physical changes in the body affecting the composition of the blood.
31
And there are other problems as well.
32
For instance, if schoolchildren don't have a quiet place to study, their work will suffer.
33
Now one problem with decibel measurement is that it doesn't differentiate between different types of noise.
34
Some types of sounds that most people would probably think of as nice
35
and relaxing might well score quite highly in decibel levels.
36
Think of the sound made by a fountain in a town square, for example.
37
That's not necessarily something that we'd want to control or reduce.
38
So maybe researchers should consider these sorts of sounds in urban design.
39
This is going to be tricky, because just measuring decibel levels isn't going to help us here.
40
Instead, many researchers are using social science techniques, studying people's emotional response to sound by using questionnaires and so on.
41
So what exactly do people want to hear in an urban environment?
42
Some recent interdisciplinary research has come out with results that at first sight seem contradictory.
43
A city needs to have a sense of activity, so it needs to be lively,
44
with sounds like the clack of high heels on a pavement or the hiss of a coffee machine.
45
But these mustn't be too intrusive because at the same time we need to be able to relax.
46
One of the major problems in achieving this will be getting architects and town planners to use the research.
47
Apart from studying the basics of acoustics, these people receive very little training in this area.
48
But in fact, they should be regarding sound as an opportunity to add to the experience of urban living,
49
whereas at present they tend to see it as something to be avoided or reduced as far as possible,
50
or something that's just a job for engineers, like the street drainage system.
51
What's needed is for noise in cities to be regarded as an aesthetic quality, as something that has the qualities of an art form.
52
If we acknowledge this, then we urgently need to know what governs it and how designers can work with it.
53
We need to develop a complex understanding of many factors.
54
What is the relationship between sound and culture?
55
What can we learn from disciplines such as psychology about the way that sound interacts with human development and social relationships,
56
and the way that sound affects our thoughts and feelings?
57
Can we learn anything from physics about the nature of sound itself?
58
Today's powerful technologies can also help us.
59
To show us their ideas and help us to imagine the effect their buildings will have, architects and town planners already use virtual reality.
60
But these programmes are silent.
61
In the future, such programmes could use realistic sounds, meaning that soundscapes could be explored before being built.
62
So hopefully, using the best technology we can lay our hands on,
63
The city of the future will be a pleasure to the ears as well as the eyes.
64
That is the end of the listening test.
65
In the IELTS test, you would now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.
66
Thank you.

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

यह स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “Cambridge 13 Test 1 Section 4 Listening” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: sound, noise, acoustic, urban, decibel। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 66 वाक्य और 889 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 7:54 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 113 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। 86% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

शब्दउच्चारणअर्थ
lecture संज्ञा/ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/लेक्चर
architect संज्ञा/ˈɑɹ.kɪˌtɛkt/वास्तुकार
researcher संज्ञा/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/शोधकर्ता, शोधक
ignore क्रिया/ɪɡˈnɔː/उपेक्षा, उपेक्षा करना
necessarily क्रिया विशेषण/ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/अवश्य, अनिवार्यतः
technique संज्ञा/tɛkˈniːk/तकनीक
silent विशेषण/ˈsaɪ̯lənt/चुप, ख़ामोश
awareness संज्ञा/əˈwɛɹ.nəs/जागरूकता
ear संज्ञा/ˈɪə̯/कान
designer संज्ञा/dɪˈzaɪnɚ/डिज़ाइनर
sheet संज्ञा/ʃit/पत्र, चद्दर
physics संज्ञा/ˈfɪz.ɪks/भौतिक शास्त्र, भौतिकी
regulation संज्ञा/ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/विनियम
composition संज्ञा/ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/मिश्रण
database संज्ञा/ˈdeɪtəˌbeɪs/डेटाबेस

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचनावीडियो में
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी हैhave been · they've been · has come
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता हैbe avoided · be regarded · could be explored

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

वक्ता 11 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे don't, aren't, can't। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।

  • “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, sheet /ʃit/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, composition /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/
  • लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, composition /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/

हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:

  • /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: vary /ˈvɛəɹi/, awareness /əˈwɛɹ.nəs/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, lively /ˈlaɪv.li/
  • /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: designer /dɪˈzaɪnɚ/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/, composition /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/
  • /æ/ — “ऐ” से ज़्यादा खुला: relax /ɹɪˈlæks/, planner /ˈplænɚ/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, interact /ɪn.təˈɹækt/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

  1. पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
  2. सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
  3. अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर lecture, architect, researcher जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →