Shadowing Practice: RE3 Unit 1B - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Track 2 Reading 1B What makes an Olympic champion?
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How does a person become an Olympic champion, someone capable of winning the gold?
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In reality, a combination of biological, environmental, and psychological factors, as well as training and practice,
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all go into making a super athlete.
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Perhaps the most important factor involved in becoming an elite athlete is genetic.
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Most Olympic competitors are equipped with certain physical characteristics that differentiate them from the average person.
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Take an elite athlete's muscles, for example.
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In most human skeletal muscles, the ones that make your body move, there are fast twitch fibers and slow twitch fibers.
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Fast-twitch fibers help us move quickly.
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Olympic weightlifters, for example, have a large number of fast-twitch fibers in their muscles, many more than the average person.
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These allow them to lift hundreds of kilos from the ground and over their heads in seconds.
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Surprisingly, a large muscular body is not the main requirement to do well in this sport.
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It is more important to have a large number of fast-twitch fibers in the muscles.
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The legs of an elite marathon runner, on the other hand, might contain up to 90% slow-twitch muscle fibers.
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These generate energy efficiently and enable an athlete to control fatigue and keep moving for a longer period of time.
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When we exercise long or hard, it's common to experience tiredness, muscle pain, and difficulty breathing.
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These feelings are caused when the muscles produce high amounts of a substance called lactate and can't remove it quickly enough.
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Athletes with many slow-twitch muscle fibers seem to be able to clear the lactate from their muscles faster as they move.
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Thus, the average runner might start to feel discomfort halfway into a race.
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A trained Olympic athlete, however, might not feel pain until much later in the competition.
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For some Olympic competitors, size is important.
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Most male champion swimmers are 180 centimeters or taller, allowing them to reach longer and swim faster.
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For both male and female gymnasts, though, a smaller size and body weight mean they can move with greater ease
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and are less likely to suffer damage when landing on the floor from a height of up to 4.5 meters
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some athletes abilities are naturally enhanced by their environment those raised at high altitudes in countries such as Kenya Ethiopia
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and Morocco have blood that is rich in hemoglobin large amounts of hemoglobin carry oxygen around the body faster,
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enabling these athletes to run better.
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Cultural factors also help some athletes do well at certain sports.
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Tegla Leroup, a young woman from northern Kenya, has won several marathons.
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She says some of her success is due to her country's altitude.
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She trains at about 2,400 meters and some to her cultural background.
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As a child, she had to run 10 kilometers to school every day.
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I'd be punished if I was late, she says.
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Although genes, environment, and even culture play a part in becoming an elite athlete, training and practice are needed to succeed.
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Marathon runners may be able to control fatigue and keep moving for long periods of time, but they must train to reach and maintain their goals.
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Weight lifters and gymnasts perfect their skills by repeating the same motions again and again until they become automatic.
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Greg Louganis, winner of four Olympic diving gold medals, says divers must train the same way to be successful.
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You have less than three seconds from takeoff until you hit the water, so it has to be reflex.
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You have to repeat the dives hundreds, maybe thousands of times.
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Training this way requires an athlete to be not only physically fit, but psychologically healthy as well.
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They have to be, says Sean McCann, a sports psychologist at the Olympic Training Center in the United States.
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Otherwise, they couldn't handle the training loads we put on them.
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Athletes have to be good at setting goals, generating energy when they need it and managing anxiety.
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How do athletes adjust to such intense pressure?
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Louganis explains how he learned to control his anxiety during a competition.
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Most divers think too much, he says.
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They're too much in their heads.
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What worked for me was humor.
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I remember thinking about what my mother would say if she saw me do a bad dive.
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She'd probably just compliment me on the beautiful splash.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: athlete, muscle, Olympic, fibers, twitch. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 50 cümle ve 723 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 5:30 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 131 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin yalnızca %78’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| athlete isim | /ˈæθ.liːt/ | sporcu |
| dive fiil | /daɪv/ | dalmak |
| marathon isim | /ˈmæɹəθən/ | maraton |
| runner isim | /ˈɹʌnɚ/ | koşucu |
| diver isim | /ˈdaɪ̯və(ɹ)/ | dalgıç |
| hemoglobin isim | /ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/ | hemoglobin |
| lactate isim | /ˈlæk.teɪt/ | laktat |
| competitor isim | /kəmˈpɛt.ɪ.tɚ/ | rakip |
| fatigue isim | /fəˈtiːɡ/ | yorgunluk, bitkinlik |
| meter isim | /ˈmitəɹ/ | metre |
| psychologically zarf | psikolojik olarak, psikolojikman | |
| reflex isim | /ˈɹiːflɛks/ | refleks |
| takeoff isim | kalkış | |
| tiredness isim | yorgunluk | |
| weightlifter isim | /ˈweɪtˌlɪftɚ/ | halterci |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı can't, couldn't, I'd gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 5 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “th” sesleri: athlete /ˈæθ.liːt/, marathon /ˈmæɹəθən/
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/, splash /splæʃ/, punish /ˈpʌnɪʃ/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: hemoglobin /ˌhimoʊˈɡloʊbɪn/, competitor /kəmˈpɛt.ɪ.tɚ/, differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; athlete, dive, marathon gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.