Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: How Chinese EVs Won Brazil — And Left U.S. Automakers Behind
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119 câu
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On the streets of Rio, it's not hard to find electric vehicles from China.
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I've seen a lot of BYD cars on the streets, and many electric cars because of the price.
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Everyone is getting on board.
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There are a lot of Chinese cars on the streets.
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Brazil is South America's largest auto market, and the country is quickly becoming the next frontier in China's EV expansion.
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In 2024, Brazil imported around 138,000 EVs and hybrids from China.
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That number is up nearly 100,000 from 2023.
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The momentum in South America mirrors a global trend.
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Chinese automakers have been shut out of the U.S by tariffs, so they're turning to emerging markets like Southeast Asia,
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the Middle East, and Latin America to sell their oversupply of cars.
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Chinese EV makers are facing a lot of pressure within China.
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They are under a lot of pressure to find new customers and new markets.
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And they've been going abroad in a very big way.
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Some companies are already breaking ground on factories in the country.
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I think Chinese influence has become very strong in vehicles.
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And they're also investing in the country.
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But officials say the influx of cars could come at a cost.
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Like fewer jobs for Brazilian workers.
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This is a worrying scenario for us Brazilian workers.
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Because it could lead to a huge number of vehicles arriving from China, threatening our jobs and production in Brazil.
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Chinese automaker BYD has also been criticized for alleged abusive labor conditions at one of its factories.
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So why are Chinese automakers so interested in Brazil?
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And does this flourishing trait actually come at a cost?
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China's mix of government subsidies and technical capability has pushed it past the US,
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Japan, and Germany to become the world's top auto exporter.
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In 2024, China produced 31.2 million passenger cars, commercial vehicles and trucks.
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That's compared with just 10.6 million made in the U.S.
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But the country is producing more vehicles than its slowing economy can absorb.
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They are not slowing down production at all of the plants in China, even though the economy in China has slowed down.
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So as a result, they have excess supply.
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They need to ship these vehicles somewhere.
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And so they have expanded in what's known as the rest of the world.
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Chinese car makers are just going to any market that will take them.
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There's a lot of interest in emerging markets.
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Brazil, which is part of the BRICS coalition with China, ranks as the world's sixth largest car market by volume.
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It is particularly attractive to Chinese auto companies for its size and limited competition from other EV makers.
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demand for Chinese EVs among Brazilians is strong.
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In the first quarter of 2025, Chinese brands accounted for more than 80% of electric car sales.
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At the same time, Brazil has rolled out policies to encourage sales of EVs and plug-in hybrids.
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Starting in 2015, the country lowered its 35% EV import tariff to zero.
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In 2024, tariffs were reintroduced and will reach 35% in July 2026.
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By removing the tariffs, they sort of encouraged and signaled actually
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that this was a market that Chinese automakers and other automakers were welcome to.
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BYD has been the company that has been the most proactive.
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We've seen the arrival of Chinese vehicles here in Brazil, a very large quantity.
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This has expanded.
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The demand for charging today is very high.
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Even consumers weary of electric cars are drawn to Chinese EVs for their affordable price tags.
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BYD sells its Dolphin Mini in Brazil for around 120,000 Ries.
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That's around US$22,000 or over $7,000 less than General Motors' cheapest EV model sold in Brazil.
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I chose the brand based on the price.
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The electric car gives me dynamism.
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I can charge it at home or I stop at the gas station.
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So I think it gives me a feeling that I'm doing something better.
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The Chinese have closed the quality gap with established automakers.
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So for a local Brazilian, while the Chinese vehicle may not be as nice as the local Toyota vehicle for sale,
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they will likely go for that Chinese vehicle if the payment fits their budget.
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Brazil has long been a key South American outpost for U.S automakers.
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Companies like Ford and General Motors have been building cars in the country for over a century.
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But in recent years, it's come with challenges.
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South America has always been a challenging market for automakers.
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And not just the U.S automakers, but all automakers have struggled to make consistent profits in South America for a couple of reasons.
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One is it is a market where the economies have really whipsawed.
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They've had problems in terms of sustaining growth.
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And if you can't sustain growth, it makes it really challenging in terms of one good year
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one really tough year in 2021 ford shut down its brazilian
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factory citing financial pressure in 2019 alone the company lost over
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700 million dollars in south america shares of ford moving higher
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as the company is announcing it is restructuring its operations in South America.
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That will include shutting down a manufacturing plant in Brazil.
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What has happened is that U.S automakers have felt the pinch in terms of profits
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and increasingly they have had to protect their home market share and the profitability of North America,
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which is really what drives the profits for U.S automakers.
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And as they focus more on protecting profits here at home, they've said, OK, do we really need to protect our market share in a Chile,
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in an Argentina or in a Brazil?
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As other automakers have pulled back, Chinese companies have seized an opportunity.
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Currently, at least four Chinese auto brands sell or manufacture in Brazil, including Great Wall Motor, Shiri, Zeker and GAC.
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The most popular is auto giant BYD, which brought in $109 billion in revenue last year, which is a 29% growth year over year.
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The company arrived in Brazil in 2015, making electric buses.
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Then in 2023, it purchased the closed Ford factory with plans to produce EVs.
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The plant covers 4.6 million square meters, about 645 soccer fields.
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It's one of the biggest EV factories in Latin America, and the company says it will eventually produce 300,000 cars in a year.
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The strategy really seems to be, you know, be the first company to start selling EVs in new markets.
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Create the market, which in a way is what some of these carmakers did in China.
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China's other large EV player, Great Wall Motor, has followed a similar trajectory in Brazil.
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In 2021, the company purchased a shuttered Mercedes factory, which had closed due to a drop in sales after the pandemic.
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In the first half of 2025, the company sold almost 16,000 vehicles in Brazil, almost 20% more than the same period last year.
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Brazil is the largest automotive market in Latin America.
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So if you want to sell in Brazil, there's a strong incentive to produce in Brazil.
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Critics say that Chinese automakers are taking advantage of Brazil's temporarily low tariff by flooding the market with cars,
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hurting the domestic auto market, and taking jobs.
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There's a huge volume of production, and in this case, there's an overproduction that they need to export.
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So the costs are very competitive,
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beyond what Brazil or any other country with a similar footprint can compete with.
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BYD has faced scrutiny from the public
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and from regulators after workers at its newest factory were found in what investigators called slavery-like conditions.
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For the construction of the factories, it's clear that they brought in Chinese workers, which was then the big controversy with BYD because Brazilian police found
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that they were being treated unfairly and didn't meet labor standards.
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BYD responded in a statement saying the company has zero tolerance for violations of human rights and labor laws,
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and that it terminated its contract with the construction company.
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A lawsuit from Brazilian prosecutors against BYD is ongoing.
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CNBC reached out to BYD for an interview, but was unable to speak with them before this story aired.
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Brazil's government is also under pressure to raise tariffs on Chinese auto imports.
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Those tariffs are now being reintroduced.
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It's on a schedule, so they'll hit 35% in 2026.
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That was the result of, you know, domestic companies complaining that this was sort of unfair competition.
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Meanwhile, there could be increasing competition in Brazil as some U.S brands have planned renewed investment in the country.
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In 2024, General Motors announced that it was investing $1.4 billion in facilities and operations.
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But for American automakers, they're still concerned that the rapid growth of Chinese brands in Brazil mirrors a global trend.
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A couple of different reasons why this matters for Washington.
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The first is that I think there's not necessarily a full recognition of the implications of China's expansion in the automotive sector.
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Smaller markets that by themselves are not a big deal.
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But you add a Chile with an Argentina, with an Australia, with an Israel, with a South Africa, little by little, all of that market share grows.
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And that's what the Chinese have done.
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For now, Brazil remains in the crossfire between two global superpowers in the EV revolution.
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This may be a strategy that does not pay off, but it is also much more of a strategy of market creation and market acquisition rather than a strategy about profitability.
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So it's very long term thinking.
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So I think the jury's out on what's going to work out and what's not.
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But it's for certain changing the markets on the ground in several emerging markets.
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Video này có 119 câu và 1584 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 10:46. Người nói giữ tốc độ đều, khoảng 147 từ mỗi phút, vừa sức để nói đuổi theo. Chỉ 81% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| automobile danh từ | /ˈɔː.tə.məˌbil/ | xe hơi, ô tô |
| worker danh từ | /ˈwɝ.kɚ/ | công nhân |
| maker danh từ | /ˈmeɪk.ɚ/ | người làm, người chế tạo |
| import danh từ | /ˈɪm.pɔɹt/ | nhập khẩu |
| mirror danh từ | /ˈmiɹɚ/ | gương, kiếng |
| encourage động từ | /ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | cổ vũ, khích lệ |
| hybrid danh từ | /ˈhaɪ.bɹɪd/ | tạp chủng |
| consistent tính từ | /kənˈsɪs.tənt/ | phù hợp, thích hợp |
| soccer danh từ | /ˈsɑk.ɚ/ | bóng đá, bóng tròn |
| recognition danh từ | /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/ | công nhận |
| arrival danh từ | /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/ | sự đến |
| rank danh từ | /ˈɹæŋk/ | hàng |
| arrive động từ | /əˈɹaɪv/ | đến |
| passenger danh từ | /ˈpæs.ɪn.d͡ʒɚ/ | hành khách |
| sixth tính từ | /sɪksθ/ | thứ sáu |
Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe
| Từ | Nghĩa |
|---|---|
| shut down động từ | tắt nguồn |
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | I've seen · have been shut · has become |
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | have been shut · been criticized · were reintroduced |
| Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật | Brazil, which is · year, which is · workers, which was |
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 12 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ they're, they've, can't. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “th”: sixth /sɪksθ/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/, coalition /koʊ.əˈlɪʃ.ən/, violation /ˌvaɪ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: automobile /ˈɔː.tə.məˌbil/, automotive /ˌɔtəˈmoʊtɪv/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Nói đuổi từng câu ở tốc độ bình thường, lặp lại mỗi câu đến khi nhịp của bạn khớp với người nói.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như automobile, worker, maker.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.