跟讀練習: Democrats vs Republicans - Which Brain is Better? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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The world feels pretty divided.

Currently, 81 % of both liberals and conservatives have unfavorable views towards those on the other side.

But is there actually a fundamental biological difference between liberals and conservatives?

On the surface, we can see some funny differences like conservatives like meat and potatoes more,

while liberals tend to like trying food from other cultures more.

In general, conservatives prefer purebred dogs while liberals prefer mixed breeds, and liberals are okay with free verse poetry while conservatives prefer it to rhyme.

But as we study more, we realize that the differences are much deeper.

When put through MRI brain scans, it turns out that liberals are more likely to have a larger anterior cingulate cortex,

which is associated with understanding and monitoring conflict, while conservatives have a larger right amygdala, which helps process fear and anxiety.

And that makes sense, given the years of research

that have shown people tend to become more conservative when they feel threatened or afraid.

After 9 -11, for example, the US became politically more conservative, with studies showing increased support for issues like national security and military spending.

But studies have also found that conservatives and liberals employ different cognitive styles.

Conservatives excel when it comes to more structured and organized problems or questions, whereas liberals tend to be more flexible

and less likely to commit errors with questions involving conflicting information and requiring fast reaction times.

One study looking at dorm rooms even found that, on average, conservative students' rooms were less messy than liberals.

But they also experienced pain in different ways, so much so that one study was able to predict who was liberal

or conservative just by viewing brain scans of them looking at graphic photos containing mutilations.

In this instance, liberal brains were more active in the S2 or somatosensory 2 region, which is normally activated when you're in pain,

but also when you see someone else suffering.

It's essentially scientific evidence for the bleeding heart liberal stereotype, which doesn't mean conservatives are uncaring, but that their minds just respond to graphic images differently.

In America, this can explain how

Democrats and Republicans perceive the world in fundamentally different ways.

It's difficult to grasp how someone on the other side of politics thinks

because we tend to overestimate the extent to which our opinions, beliefs and values are normal.

Psychologists refer to this as false consensus bias.

For example, if you heard Yanny in the Yanny vs. Laurel debate,

it may have felt that you were the normal one and it was insane that anyone could be hearing Laurel.

Apply this logic to politics and you can see why people have such polarizing ideas on issues like immigration,

abortion, gun rights, etc. But where do these differences come from?

One study revealed that genetics can account for around 30 -40 % of a person's political leanings.

Which may seem like a lot,

but there are still many other important factors like your environment and personal experiences which play massive roles in your politics.

Political neuroscience is a relatively new field of study with fascinating results, and in a world that's being increasingly characterized by its divisions,

perhaps an important aspect of unity involves using neuroscience to better understand each other's differences.

On a lighter note, space is a place where liberals and conservatives and nations all over the world come together,

and we actually just made a video where we tried out the latest space food that astronauts are eating right now.

Click here or the description to check it out.

Also, if you want even more science, we have a weekly science podcast, so subscribe to it.

The link is like down there, I think, and it's called Side Note.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節口語課以影片“Democrats vs Republicans - Which Brain is Better?”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：conservative, liberal, difference, study, tend。這段影片共有 40 個句子、619 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 3:22。說話人語速較快，每分鐘約 184 個詞，會出現較多連讀和弱讀。只有 80% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
graphic 形容詞	/ˈɡɹæfɪk/	圖形的 /圖形的
extent 名詞	/ɪkˈstɛnt/	範圍 /範圍
immigration 名詞	/ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/	移民, 遷入 /遷入
belief 名詞	/bɪˈliːf/	相信, 信心
anxiety 名詞	/æŋˈzaɪ.əti/	焦慮 /焦慮, 擔心
refer 動詞	/ɹɪˈfɜː/	談到 /談到
suffer 動詞	/ˈsʌfɚ/	受苦, 遭受
reveal 動詞	/ɹɪˈviːl/	透露, 顯示 /顯示
essentially 副詞	/ɪˈsɛnʃəli/	本質上 /本質上, 基本上
aspect 名詞	/ˈæspɛkt/	方面
whereas	/(h)wɛɹˈæz/	然而
insane 形容詞	/ɪnˈseɪn/	精神失常, 精神錯亂 /精神錯亂
poetry 名詞	/ˈpoʊ.ə.tɹi/	詩歌 /詩歌, 詩 /詩
associate 名詞	/əˈsoʊʃi.ət/	同行, 同事
monitor 名詞	/ˈmɑ.nɪ.tɚ/	顯示器 /顯示器

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	發音	釋義
come together 動詞	/ˈkʌm tʊˈɡɛðɚ/	集合, 聯合
put through 動詞		接通
try out 動詞		試用 /試用
turn out 動詞		原來 /原來

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is associated · is normally activated · being increasingly characterized
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	have shown · have also found

需要注意的發音

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, abortion /əˈbɔɹ.ʃn̩/
長單詞——注意重音位置: immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, verse /ˈvɝs/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, graphic /ˈɡɹæfɪk/, extent /ɪkˈstɛnt/, belief /bɪˈliːf/, aspect /ˈæspɛkt/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, polarize /ˈpəʊ.lə.ɹaɪz/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 graphic, extent, immigration 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Democrats vs Republicans - Which Brain is Better? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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