Shadowing Practice: Democrats vs Republicans - Which Brain is Better? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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The world feels pretty divided.
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Currently, 81 % of both liberals and conservatives have unfavorable views towards those on the other side.
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But is there actually a fundamental biological difference between liberals and conservatives?
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On the surface, we can see some funny differences like conservatives like meat and potatoes more,
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while liberals tend to like trying food from other cultures more.
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In general, conservatives prefer purebred dogs while liberals prefer mixed breeds, and liberals are okay with free verse poetry while conservatives prefer it to rhyme.
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But as we study more, we realize that the differences are much deeper.
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When put through MRI brain scans, it turns out that liberals are more likely to have a larger anterior cingulate cortex,
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which is associated with understanding and monitoring conflict, while conservatives have a larger right amygdala, which helps process fear and anxiety.
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And that makes sense, given the years of research
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that have shown people tend to become more conservative when they feel threatened or afraid.
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After 9 -11, for example, the US became politically more conservative, with studies showing increased support for issues like national security and military spending.
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But studies have also found that conservatives and liberals employ different cognitive styles.
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Conservatives excel when it comes to more structured and organized problems or questions, whereas liberals tend to be more flexible
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and less likely to commit errors with questions involving conflicting information and requiring fast reaction times.
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One study looking at dorm rooms even found that, on average, conservative students' rooms were less messy than liberals.
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But they also experienced pain in different ways, so much so that one study was able to predict who was liberal
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or conservative just by viewing brain scans of them looking at graphic photos containing mutilations.
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In this instance, liberal brains were more active in the S2 or somatosensory 2 region, which is normally activated when you're in pain,
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but also when you see someone else suffering.
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It's essentially scientific evidence for the bleeding heart liberal stereotype, which doesn't mean conservatives are uncaring, but that their minds just respond to graphic images differently.
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In America, this can explain how
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Democrats and Republicans perceive the world in fundamentally different ways.
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It's difficult to grasp how someone on the other side of politics thinks
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because we tend to overestimate the extent to which our opinions, beliefs and values are normal.
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Psychologists refer to this as false consensus bias.
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For example, if you heard Yanny in the Yanny vs. Laurel debate,
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it may have felt that you were the normal one and it was insane that anyone could be hearing Laurel.
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Apply this logic to politics and you can see why people have such polarizing ideas on issues like immigration,
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abortion, gun rights, etc. But where do these differences come from?
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One study revealed that genetics can account for around 30 -40 % of a person's political leanings.
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Which may seem like a lot,
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but there are still many other important factors like your environment and personal experiences which play massive roles in your politics.
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Political neuroscience is a relatively new field of study with fascinating results, and in a world that's being increasingly characterized by its divisions,
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perhaps an important aspect of unity involves using neuroscience to better understand each other's differences.
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On a lighter note, space is a place where liberals and conservatives and nations all over the world come together,
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and we actually just made a video where we tried out the latest space food that astronauts are eating right now.
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Click here or the description to check it out.
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Also, if you want even more science, we have a weekly science podcast, so subscribe to it.
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The link is like down there, I think, and it's called Side Note.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu konuşma dersi “Democrats vs Republicans - Which Brain is Better?” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: conservative, liberal, difference, study, tend. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 40 cümle ve 619 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 3:22 sürüyor. Konuşmacı hızlı konuşuyor, dakikada yaklaşık 184 kelime; bu yüzden birbirine bağlanan ve zayıflayan sesler duyacaksınız. Kelimelerin yalnızca %80’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| immigration isim | /ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/ | göç etme, göçmenlik |
| anxiety isim | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | kaygı, endişe |
| refer fiil | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | zikretmek |
| suffer fiil | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | çekmek, acı çekmek |
| reveal fiil | /ɹɪˈviːl/ | açığa vurmak |
| insane sıfat | /ɪnˈseɪn/ | deli |
| poetry isim | /ˈpoʊ.ə.tɹi/ | şiir |
| associate isim | /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/ | iştirakçi, ortak |
| increasingly zarf | gide gide | |
| monitor isim | /ˈmɑ.nɪ.tɚ/ | ekran |
| fundamental sıfat | /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ | esas, temel |
| biological sıfat | /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/ | biyolojik, dirim bilimsel |
| abortion isim | /əˈbɔɹ.ʃn̩/ | kürtaj |
| democrat isim | /ˈdɪməkɹæt/ | demokrat |
| unity isim | /ˈjunɪti/ | birlik |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | is associated · is normally activated · being increasingly characterized |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | have shown · have also found |
| “might / may” ile olasılık might/may + fiil — mümkün ama kesin olmayan bir şey | may have · may seem |
| Present continuous am/is/are + -ing — şu anda ya da bu sıralar olan bir şey | are uncaring · are eating |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, abortion /əˈbɔɹ.ʃn̩/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: graphic /ˈɡɹæfɪk/, scan /skæn/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/, breed /ˈbɹiːd/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: graphic /ˈɡɹæfɪk/, scan /skæn/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, aspect /ˈæspɛkt/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; immigration, anxiety, refer gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.