跟读练习: Democrats vs Republicans - Which Brain is Better? - 通过视频学习英语口语

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The world feels pretty divided.

Currently, 81 % of both liberals and conservatives have unfavorable views towards those on the other side.

But is there actually a fundamental biological difference between liberals and conservatives?

On the surface, we can see some funny differences like conservatives like meat and potatoes more,

while liberals tend to like trying food from other cultures more.

In general, conservatives prefer purebred dogs while liberals prefer mixed breeds, and liberals are okay with free verse poetry while conservatives prefer it to rhyme.

But as we study more, we realize that the differences are much deeper.

When put through MRI brain scans, it turns out that liberals are more likely to have a larger anterior cingulate cortex,

which is associated with understanding and monitoring conflict, while conservatives have a larger right amygdala, which helps process fear and anxiety.

And that makes sense, given the years of research

that have shown people tend to become more conservative when they feel threatened or afraid.

After 9 -11, for example, the US became politically more conservative, with studies showing increased support for issues like national security and military spending.

But studies have also found that conservatives and liberals employ different cognitive styles.

Conservatives excel when it comes to more structured and organized problems or questions, whereas liberals tend to be more flexible

and less likely to commit errors with questions involving conflicting information and requiring fast reaction times.

One study looking at dorm rooms even found that, on average, conservative students' rooms were less messy than liberals.

But they also experienced pain in different ways, so much so that one study was able to predict who was liberal

or conservative just by viewing brain scans of them looking at graphic photos containing mutilations.

In this instance, liberal brains were more active in the S2 or somatosensory 2 region, which is normally activated when you're in pain,

but also when you see someone else suffering.

It's essentially scientific evidence for the bleeding heart liberal stereotype, which doesn't mean conservatives are uncaring, but that their minds just respond to graphic images differently.

In America, this can explain how

Democrats and Republicans perceive the world in fundamentally different ways.

It's difficult to grasp how someone on the other side of politics thinks

because we tend to overestimate the extent to which our opinions, beliefs and values are normal.

Psychologists refer to this as false consensus bias.

For example, if you heard Yanny in the Yanny vs. Laurel debate,

it may have felt that you were the normal one and it was insane that anyone could be hearing Laurel.

Apply this logic to politics and you can see why people have such polarizing ideas on issues like immigration,

abortion, gun rights, etc. But where do these differences come from?

One study revealed that genetics can account for around 30 -40 % of a person's political leanings.

Which may seem like a lot,

but there are still many other important factors like your environment and personal experiences which play massive roles in your politics.

Political neuroscience is a relatively new field of study with fascinating results, and in a world that's being increasingly characterized by its divisions,

perhaps an important aspect of unity involves using neuroscience to better understand each other's differences.

On a lighter note, space is a place where liberals and conservatives and nations all over the world come together,

and we actually just made a video where we tried out the latest space food that astronauts are eating right now.

Click here or the description to check it out.

Also, if you want even more science, we have a weekly science podcast, so subscribe to it.

The link is like down there, I think, and it's called Side Note.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“Democrats vs Republicans - Which Brain is Better?”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：conservative, liberal, difference, study, tend。这段视频共有 40 个句子、619 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 3:22。说话人语速较快，每分钟约 184 个词，会出现较多连读和弱读。只有 80% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
graphic 形容词	/ˈɡɹæfɪk/	圖形的 /图形的
extent 名词	/ɪkˈstɛnt/	範圍 /范围
immigration 名词	/ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/	移民, 遷入 /迁入
belief 名词	/bɪˈliːf/	相信, 信心
anxiety 名词	/æŋˈzaɪ.əti/	焦慮 /焦虑, 担心
refer 动词	/ɹɪˈfɜː/	談到 /谈到
suffer 动词	/ˈsʌfɚ/	受苦, 遭受
reveal 动词	/ɹɪˈviːl/	透露, 顯示 /显示
essentially 副词	/ɪˈsɛnʃəli/	本質上 /本质上, 基本上
aspect 名词	/ˈæspɛkt/	方面
whereas	/(h)wɛɹˈæz/	然而
insane 形容词	/ɪnˈseɪn/	精神失常, 精神錯亂 /精神错乱
poetry 名词	/ˈpoʊ.ə.tɹi/	詩歌 /诗歌, 詩 /诗
associate 名词	/əˈsoʊʃi.ət/	同行, 同事
monitor 名词	/ˈmɑ.nɪ.tɚ/	顯示器 /显示器

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	发音	释义
come together 动词	/ˈkʌm tʊˈɡɛðɚ/	集合, 联合
put through 动词		接通
try out 动词		試用 /试用
turn out 动词		原來 /原来

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	is associated · is normally activated · being increasingly characterized
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	have shown · have also found
用 “might / may” 表可能 might/may + 动词 — 有可能但不确定的事	may have · may seem
现在进行时 am/is/are + -ing — 此刻或近期正在发生的事	are uncaring · are eating

需要注意的发音

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, abortion /əˈbɔɹ.ʃn̩/
长单词——注意重音位置: immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, verse /ˈvɝs/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, graphic /ˈɡɹæfɪk/, extent /ɪkˈstɛnt/, belief /bɪˈliːf/, aspect /ˈæspɛkt/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, polarize /ˈpəʊ.lə.ɹaɪz/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 graphic, extent, immigration 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: Democrats vs Republicans - Which Brain is Better? - 通过视频学习英语口语

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