第 17 课 · 第 2 阶段: 常用词：代词、冠词、介词
This / that / these / those, one / ones
初级构成与用法
this book, those shoes, the blue one——指近处和远处的东西，不必重复名词
1.This / that / these / those
这四个词用来指人或物。选哪个要问两个问题：离说话人近还是远？是一个还是多个？
| 近（这里） | 远（那里） | |
|---|---|---|
| 单数 / 不可数 | this | that |
| 复数 | these | those |
它们可以放在名词前面（this bag），也可以单独使用（This is heavy）。
This bag is really heavy.
这个包真重。
Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.
看那些云！要下雨了。
These are my parents.
这是我的父母。
Is that your car over there?
那边那辆是你的车吗？
注意发音：this /ðɪs/ 是短元音，以 /s/ 结尾；these /ðiːz/ 是长元音，以 /z/ 结尾。that /ðæt/ 和 those /ðəʊz/ 也一样。把词尾的音读清楚——听的人靠它来判断你说的是一个还是多个。
2.其他用法
1. 介绍别人，以及打电话时说自己是谁——用 this
Mum, this is my friend Hoa.
妈妈，这是我的朋友阿花。
Hello, this is Minh from the dental clinic.
您好，我是牙科诊所的阿明。
2. 时间：this 指现在或不久的将来（this morning, this week），that 指过去的某个时间（that day, at that time）
I'm really busy this week.
我这周真的很忙。
I still remember that day.
我还记得那一天。
3. that 指对方刚说过或刚做过的事
Let's order pizza. — That's a great idea!
我们点披萨吧。——好主意！
Thanks for the lift. That was really kind of you.
谢谢你送我一程。你真是太好了。
3.One / ones——不用重复名词
说的是什么已经很清楚时，用 one 代替单数可数名词，用 ones 代替复数名词。
I don't like the red shirt. I prefer the blue one.
我不喜欢那件红衬衫，我更喜欢蓝色的那件。
These shoes are too small. Do you have any bigger ones?
这双鞋太小了。有大一点的吗？
Which one do you want? — That one, please.
你要哪一个？——那个，谢谢。
My phone is really old. I need a new one.
我的手机太旧了，我需要一部新的。
- 形容词不能单独代替名词：a new one（不是 a new）、the big ones。
- this one / that one 非常常用。复数时，单用 these / those 就够了；these ones / those ones 在口语中也很常见，尤其是英式英语。
- one/ones 只能代替可数名词。不可数名词要么省略，要么重复：I prefer brown rice to white（不说 white one）。
中文靠一个“的”就能省掉名词：“蓝色的”“大一点的”。英语的形容词后面却要补上 one：the blue one（蓝色的那个），a bigger one（大一点的）。
4.One 还是 it？
a new one / one = 同类东西中的任意一个。it / them = 你提到的那个东西本身。
I lost my umbrella, so I bought a new one.
我把伞弄丢了，所以买了一把新的。（另一把伞）
I lost my umbrella, but I found it the next day.
我把伞弄丢了，但第二天找到了。（同一把伞）
I need a pen. Have you got one?
我需要一支笔。你有吗？
5.常见错误
I love this flowers.I love these flowers.
复数名词 → 用 these。
Look at that birds!Look at those birds!
复数而且离得远 → 用 those。
My bike is broken, so I need a new.My bike is broken, so I need a new one.
形容词后面需要 one。
She is my friend Hoa.This is my friend Hoa.
介绍某人时说 This is…
I lost my keys and I can't find ones.I lost my keys and I can't find them.
就是那串钥匙 → 用 them。
These are cheaper than that ones.These are cheaper than those (ones).
复数 → 用 those。
例句
- Look at those birds over there in the tree!
- These shoes I'm wearing are new.
- These books on my desk are for you.
- I don't like the green shirt. Can I try the blue one?
