シャドーイング練習: Vol 1 - test 6 - section 4 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Part 4.

You will hear part of a lecture on bird research in Australia.

First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.

Thank you.

Good afternoon.

This is the third session of the series of lectures on wildlife.

For this lecture, we're going to look at two studies on the habitats of birds and protection measures taken in Australia,

including the basic methodology and related areas of research.

Now, let me give you some background information about the first research project on birds.

The study was carried out by R .B.

Cunningham and his team from the Australian National University in 1995.

The primary goal was to detect the breeding habits and resting sites of some birds, especially those protected species in urban regions.

These species included birds like peregrine falcons and kestrels in Australia.

The bird data set consisted of a total of 153 species recorded from 946 sites.

One might expect that in order to obtain valid data on their distribution patterns and population densities, researchers had to count through binoculars.

Instead, they managed to estimate with various standard distance sampling methods like random sampling.

In addition, a mapping system was used to study their companionship behaviour.

It recorded proposed birds' nesting sites to monitor the mating behaviour of targeted species.

To obtain valid data of birds' whereabouts, researchers attached identity tags to birds' legs, transmitting radio signals.

The tagging process was done when the birds were between 5 and 7 days of age.

After the initial tagging, data was collected from subsets of radio -tagged birds, making it possible to assess the trends of birds over 15 months.

So, what did they find?

Well, as it turned out, many of the birds tagged had the tendency to nest in the same habitat where they grew up.

Their nesting sites were quite varied and included freshwater reed beds, tidal reed beds, agricultural crops and man -made sites.

Even though naturally occurring nests were common, birds sometimes accidentally nested in man -made devices like power towers, chimneys and tunnels.

This research also studied the impact of humans on bird communities

and found out that pollution had contributed greatly to the declining birth rates of some species,

which were considered to be extinct or threatened to vanish from the study area.

These species are dependent on natural forests because of their breeding holes.

They will become extinct when local natural forests continue to be polluted heavily.

A number of measures were thus taken by members from local animal conservation organisations to boost their alarming survival rates.

Firstly, breeding boxes were placed in trees taking on the role of breeding holes that were contaminated.

Protection guidelines were also introduced strictly prohibiting killing, disturbance and habitat destruction.

A further measure was taken to ensure the safety of birds from wind farms.

In fact, birds are sometimes shedded by wind turbine blades.

A great deal of work was done on how to prevent them from colliding with turbines.

A case in point was protecting space for bird migration by ensuring that migratory routes were kept free.

Falcons generally cope well with wind turbines, but not in weather conditions where visibility is bad.

So, with knowledge of how fast falcons fly, bird stations in northern Australia can notify wind farms further south of the falcons' approach

so that turbines can be shut down as they pass by.

Then, another piece of research was done a couple of years later by Conway in 2006.

His team detected the calling frequency of seabirds flying at night.

Acoustic signals are important communication tools for birds.

These signals can indicate social cohesion, prey location and breeding behaviour.

Courtship songs are common among various species during mating seasons.

Males produce calling songs that attract distant females, and then courtship songs will induce nearby females to respond.

Surveyors also took recordings of the sounds of all the individual birds detected.

A tablet PC was used to process detailed information like sound pitch, spectrum, length and timing of surveys.

To minimise the disturbance on the bird community, all the sounds were recorded from a distance using microphones to detect noise.

They found that the probability of call events was much higher for solitary birds communicating early and late in the day.

Further analyses indicated that during foraging, the frequency of calls was significantly greater for birds encountering schooling fish,

and birds called sooner after a catch in these foraging scenarios compared with when only single fish were encountered.

The results of this study showed

that increased calling activity in the presence of more profitable prey could be of crucial importance to seabirds

that benefit from group foraging.

So, does anyone have more questions on...

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Vol 1 - test 6 - section 4」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：bird, species, breeding, sites, falcons。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が56文、単語が777語あります。音声の長さは6:09です。話す速さは1分あたり約126語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は76%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
breed 動詞	/ˈbɹiːd/	育てる, 育成する
nest 名詞	/nɛst/	巣, ネスト
detect 動詞	/dɪˈtɛkt/	検出する, 見付ける
falcon 名詞	/ˈfælkən/	隼, ハヤブサ
turbine 名詞	/ˈtɜː.baɪn/	タービン
lecture 名詞	/ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/	講義
obtain 動詞	/əbˈteɪn/	手に入れる, 取得する
valid 形容詞	/ˈvælɪd/	有効な
frequency 名詞	/ˈfɹiːkwənsi/	頻度
indicate 動詞	/ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/	示す, 指す
encounter 動詞	/ɪnˈkaʊntɚ/	出会う, 遭遇する
reed 名詞	/ɹiːd/	葦, 蘆
prey 名詞	/pɹeɪ/	獲物
researcher 名詞	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	研究員, 研究者
extinct 形容詞	/ɪkˈstɪŋkt/	消えた

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	発音	意味
carry out 動詞	/ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/	行う, 実行する
find out 動詞		見出す, 調べる
grow up 動詞		成長する, 大人に成る
shut down 動詞		シャットダウン

注意したい発音

「th」の音: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, methodology /ˌmɛθ.əˈdɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/
「sh」と「zh」の音: destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, organisation /ˈɔː.ɡə.naɪˌzeɪ.ʃən/, conservation /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, pollution /pəˈluʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, organisation /ˈɔː.ɡə.naɪˌzeɪ.ʃən/, conservation /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/, accidentally /ˌæk.sɪˈdɛnt(ə)li/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, greatly /ˈɡɹeɪ̯t.li/, alarm /əˈlɑɹm/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, strictly /ˈstɹɪktli/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: valid /ˈvælɪd/, survival /sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/, conservation /ˌkɑnsə(ɹ)ˈveɪʃən/, vary /ˈvɛəɹi/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: falcon /ˈfælkən/, frequency /ˈfɹiːkwənsi/, wildlife /ˈwaɪldlaɪf/, profitable /ˈpɹɑ.fɪ.tə.bl̩/, firstly /ˈfɜɹstli/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。breed, nest, detectなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Vol 1 - test 6 - section 4 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Vol 3 - test 6 - section 3

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Vol 2 - test 2 - section 3

Vol 3 - test 10 - section 3

Vol 3 - test 4 - section 3

Vol 2 - test 5 - section 3

Vol 5 - test 1 - section 2

Vol 3 - test 5 - section 4

Vol 3 - test 1 - section 4

Vol 3 - test 4 - section 2

Vol 3 - test 6 - section 2

Vol 2 - test 4 - section 4

Vol 1 - test 2 - section 3

Vol 1 - test 10 - section 4

Vol 3 - test 8 - section 4

Vol 3 - test 10 - section 4

Vol 1 - test 1 - section 1

Vol 1 - test 2 - section 1

Vol 2 - test 3 - section 3

Vol 3 - test 4 - section 4

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