레슨 65 · 5단계: 수동태·간접화법·의문문
간접화법
중급Reported speech
형태와 쓰임
said / told 사람 (that) + 절, asked if — 남의 말을 전하기
1.직접화법과 간접화법
직접화법은 한 말을 따옴표 안에 그대로 옮깁니다. 간접화법은 따옴표 없이 내용을 전합니다: said / told + (that) + 절. 특히 말할 때는 that을 생략할 수 있습니다. 대명사를 상황에 맞게 바꾸는 것을 잊지 마세요.
“I'm tired,” Minh said. → Minh said (that) he was tired.
“피곤해.”라고 민이 말했어요. → 민은 피곤하다고 말했어요.
“I've lost my keys,” Lan told me. → Lan told me she had lost her keys.
“열쇠를 잃어버렸어.”라고 란이 나에게 말했어요. → 란은 열쇠를 잃어버렸다고 나에게 말했어요.
2.시제를 한 단계 과거로 (시제 일치)
전달 동사가 과거형(said, told, asked)이면, 전하는 내용의 동사는 보통 한 단계 과거로 옮깁니다.
| 직접화법 → 간접화법 | 실제로 한 말 | 간접화법 |
|---|---|---|
| 현재형 → 과거형 | “I live in Hue.” | She said she lived in Hue. |
| 현재진행형 → 과거진행형 | “I'm cooking dinner.” | He said he was cooking dinner. |
| 현재완료 → 과거완료 | “I've seen the film.” | He said he had seen the film. |
| 과거형 → 과거완료(또는 그대로) | “I bought it online.” | She said she had bought it online. / She said she bought it online. |
| will → would | “I'll call you.” | He said he would call me. |
| can → could | “I can help.” | She said she could help. |
| must → had to(또는 must 그대로) | “I must leave before ten.” | She said she had to leave before ten. |
| am/is/are going to → was/were going to | “I'm going to visit my grandparents.” | He said he was going to visit his grandparents. |
| may → might | “It may rain.” | They said it might rain. |
would, could, should, might, ought to와 과거완료는 그대로 둡니다.
said / told 뒤에서는 그 말을 언제 했는지 생각해 보세요. 과거에 한 말이고 그 상황이 이미 끝났다면 시제를 옮깁니다: Minh said he was tired(is tired가 아님).
3.시제를 옮기지 않아도 될 때
1. 전달 동사가 현재형일 때(says, tells, has said) — 메시지를 바로 전하거나, 누군가 늘 하는 말을 전할 때 자주 씁니다
My brother says he lost his wallet on the bus this morning.
형이 오늘 아침 버스에서 지갑을 잃어버렸대요.
The weather forecast says it's going to rain all weekend.
일기예보에서 주말 내내 비가 온대요.
2. 지금도 여전히 사실일 때 — 시제를 옮겨도 되고 그대로 둬도 됩니다
Lan said she lives in Da Nang. / Lan said she lived in Da Nang.
란은 다낭에 산다고 했어요. (지금도 거기 살고 있음 → 둘 다 맞음)
The receptionist told us that the pool closes at nine.
프런트 직원이 수영장은 9시에 문을 닫는다고 알려 줬어요.
3. 하지만 더 이상 사실이 아니거나 지금의 실제 상황과 다를 때는 반드시 옮겨야 합니다
You said you didn't like durian, but you've eaten three pieces!
두리안 안 좋아한다고 했잖아요, 그런데 세 조각이나 먹었네요! (you don't like가 아님)
4.시간·장소 표현 바꾸기
다른 날이나 다른 장소에서 전할 때는 시간과 장소를 나타내는 말도 바뀝니다. 같은 날, 같은 장소라면 그대로 둡니다.
| 직접화법 | 간접화법(다른 날이나 다른 장소에서 전할 때) |
|---|---|
| today / tonight | that day / that night |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| next week | the following week / the week after |
| last week | the week before / the previous week |
| … ago | … before / … earlier |
| now | then / at that time |
| here / this | there / that |
Last week Nam said, “I'll call you tomorrow.” → Last week Nam said he would call me the next day.
지난주에 남이 “내일 전화할게.”라고 말했어요. → 지난주에 남은 다음 날 나에게 전화하겠다고 말했어요.
5.say일까, tell일까
- tell + 사람(누구에게 말했는지 꼭 말해야 함): She told me (that) she was busy. “told that…”이나 “told to me”라고 하지 않습니다.
- say + (that) + 절. 바로 뒤에 듣는 사람이 오지 않습니다: She said (that) she was busy. 듣는 사람을 말하려면 say to + 사람: He said to me that…(told me보다 덜 씀).
- 굳어진 표현: tell the truth / a lie / a story / a joke / the time, say hello / goodbye / sorry / something / no.
- 다른 전달 동사: explain (to sb) that, promise (that), warn sb that, admit that, complain that, agree that.
The waiter told us that the kitchen was closed.
웨이터가 주방이 문을 닫았다고 우리에게 말했어요.
She promised she would never be late again.
그녀는 다시는 늦지 않겠다고 약속했어요.
The guide warned us that the path was slippery.
가이드가 길이 미끄럽다고 우리에게 주의를 줬어요.
6.의문문과 요청 전하기
전하는 의문문은 평서문이 됩니다: 주어가 동사 앞에 오고, do / does / did는 사라지며, 물음표도 붙이지 않습니다. 시제는 똑같이 과거로 옮깁니다.
- 의문사 의문문: asked (+ 사람) + 의문사 + 주어 + 동사.
- Yes/No 의문문: asked (+ 사람) + if / whether + 주어 + 동사.
- 요청과 명령: asked / told + 사람 + (not) to + 동사 — 「동사 + 사람 + to 부정사」 레슨을 참고하세요.
“Where do you live?” → She asked me where I lived.
“어디 살아요?” → 그녀는 나에게 어디 사는지 물었어요.
“Where did you buy this jacket?” → My friend asked me where I had bought that jacket.
“이 재킷 어디서 샀어?” → 친구가 나에게 그 재킷을 어디서 샀는지 물었어요.
“Are you cooking?” → Mai asked if I was cooking.
“요리하는 중이야?” → 마이는 내가 요리하고 있는지 물었어요.
“Please wait here.” → The nurse asked us to wait there.
“여기서 기다려 주세요.” → 간호사가 우리에게 거기서 기다리라고 했어요.
“Don't touch it!” → He told me not to touch it.
“만지지 마!” → 그는 나에게 그걸 만지지 말라고 했어요.
Do you know where… is? 같은 정중한 질문도 평서문 어순을 쓰지만, 시제는 옮기지 않습니다 — 「간접의문문」 레슨을 참고하세요.
7.자주 하는 실수
She said me she was hungry.She told me she was hungry.
say 바로 뒤에는 듣는 사람이 올 수 없습니다. tell + 사람을 쓰세요.
She told that she was busy.She said that she was busy.
tell에는 항상 듣는 사람이 필요합니다: told me / told him.
The waiter told to us that the kitchen was closed.The waiter told us that the kitchen was closed.
tell + 사람이며, to는 쓰지 않습니다.
He asked me where was the bus station.He asked me where the bus station was.
전하는 의문문은 평서문 어순을 씁니다.
Nam asked me did I want to join his team.Nam asked me if I wanted to join his team.
Yes/No 의문문 → if/whether를 쓰고 did는 쓰지 않습니다.
My boss said he will give me a day off, but he forgot.My boss said he would give me a day off, but he forgot.
약속은 과거의 일이고 지켜지지 않았음 → will은 would가 됩니다.
예문
- She asked me if I liked spicy food.
- My grandfather told me he was a farmer when he was young.
- Minh said he was tired, so he went to bed early.
- She told me that she had lost her keys.
