Практика Shadowing: Genetic Engineering Will Change Everything Forever – CRISPR - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
1
magine you were alive back in the 1980's, and were told that computers would soon take over everything: from shopping, to dating, and the stock market, that billions of people would be connected via a kind of web, that you would own a handheld device, orders of magnitudes more powerful than supercomputers.
2
It would seem absurd, but then, all of it happened.
3
Science fiction became our reality, and we don't even think about it.
4
We're at a similar point today with genetic engineering.
5
So, let's talk about it.
6
Where it came from, what we're doing right now, and about a recent breakthrough, that will change how we live and what we perceive as normal, forever.
7
Humans have been engineering life for thousands of years.
8
Through selective breeding, we strengthened useful traits in plants and animals.
9
We became very good at this, but never fully understood how it worked.
10
Until we discovered the code of life, Deoxyribonucleic Acid—DNA.
11
A complex molecule that guides the growth, development, function, and reproduction of everything alive.
12
Information is encoded in the structure of the molecule.
13
Four nucleotides are paired and make up a code that carries instructions.
14
Change the instructions and you change the being carrying it.
15
As soon as DNA was discovered, people tried to tinker with it.
16
In the 1960's, scientist bombarded plants with radiation to cause random mutations in the genetic code.
17
The idea was to get a useful plant variation by pure chance.
18
Sometimes it actually worked too.
19
In the 70's, scientists inserted DNA snippets into bacteria, plants, and animals to study and modify them for research, medicine, agriculture, and for fun.
20
The earliest genetically modified animal was born in 1974, making mice a standard tool for research, saving millions of lives.
21
In the 80's, we got commercial. The first patent was given for a microbe engineered to absorb oil.
22
Today we produce many chemicals by means of engineered life, like life-saving clotting factors, growth hormones, and insulin.
23
All things we had to harvest from the organs of animals before that.
24
The first food modified in the lab went on sale in 1994: the Flavr Savr tomato, a tomato given a much longer shelf life where an extra gene that suppresses the build-up of a rotting enzyme.
25
But GM food and the controversy surrounding them deserve a video of their own.
26
In the 1990's, there was also a brief foray into human engineering.
27
To treat maternal infertility, babies were made that carried genetic information from 3 humans.
28
Making them the first humans ever to have 3 genetic parents.
29
Today there are super muscled pigs, fast-growing salmon, featherless chicken, and see-through frogs.
30
On the fun side, we made things glow in the dark.
31
Fluorescent zebrafish are available for as little as ten dollars.
32
All of this is already very impressive, but until recently gene editing was extremely expensive, complicated, and took a long time to do.
33
This has now changed with a revolutionary new technology now entering the stage—CRISPR.
34
Overnight, the costs of engineering have shrunk by 99 %.
35
Instead of a year, it takes a few weeks to conduct experiments, and basically everybody with a lab can do it.
36
It's hard to get across how big a technical revolution CRISPR is.
37
It literally has the potential to change humanity forever.
38
Why did this sudden revolution happen and how does it work?
39
Bacteria and viruses have been fighting since the dawn of life.
40
So-called bacteriophages or phages hunt bacteria.
41
In the ocean, phages kill 40 % of them every single day.
42
Phages do this by inserting their own genetic code into the bacteria and taking them over to use them as factories.
43
The bacteria tried to resist but failed most the time because their protection tools are too weak, But sometimes bacteria survive an attack.
44
Only if they do so can they activate their most effective antivirus system: they save a part of the virus DNA in their own genetic code in a DNA archive called CRISPR.
45
Here it's stored safely until it's needed.
46
When the virus attacks again, the bacterium quickly makes an RNA copy from the DNA archive and arms a secret weapon—a protein called CAS9.
47
The protein now scans the bacterium's insides for signs of the virus invader by comparing every bit of DNA it finds to the sample from the archive.
48
When it finds a 100-percent perfect match, it's activated and cuts out the virus DNA, making it useless, protecting the bacterium against the attack.
49
What's special is that CAS9 is very precise, almost like a DNA surgeon.
50
The revolution began when scientists figured out that the CRISPR system is programmable.
51
You can just give it a copy of DNA you want to modify and put the system into a living cell.
52
If the old techniques of genetic manipulation were like a map, CRISPR is like a GPS system.
53
Aside from being precise, cheap, and easy, CRISPR offers the ability to edit live cells, to switch genes on and off, and target and study particular DNA sequences.
54
It also works for every type of cell: microorganisms, plants, animals, or humans.
55
But despite the revolution CRISPR is for science, it's still just a first generation tool.
56
More precise tools are already being created and used as we speak.
57
In 2015, scientists use CRISPR to cut the HIV virus out of living cells from patients in the lab, proving that it was possible.
58
Only about a year later, they carried out a larger scale project with rats that had the HIV virus in basically all of their body cells.
59
By simply injecting CRISPR into the rats tails, they were able to remove more than 50 % of the virus from cells all over the body.
60
In a few decades, a CRISPR therapy might cure HIV and other retroviruses, viruses that hide inside human DNA like Herpes could be eradicated this way.
61
CRISPR could also defeat one of our worst enemies—cancer.
62
Cancer occurs when cells refuse to die and keep multiplying while concealing themselves from the immune system.
63
CRISPR gives us the means to edit your immune cells and make them better cancer hunters.
64
Getting rid of cancer might eventually mean getting just a couple of injections of a few thousand of your own cells that have been engineered in the lab to heal you for good.
65
The first clinical trial for a CRISPR cancer treatment on human patients was approved in early 2016 in the US.
66
Not even a month later, Chinese scientists announced that they would treat lung cancer patients with immune cells modified with CRISPR in August 2016.
67
Things are picking up pace quickly.
68
And then there are genetic diseases.
69
There are thousands of them and they range from mildly annoying to deadly or entail decades of suffering.
70
With a powerful tool like CRISPR, we may be able to end this.
71
Over 3,000 genetic diseases are caused by a single incorrect letter in your DNA.
72
We are already building a modified version of CAS9 that is made to change just a single letter, fixing the disease in the cell.
73
In a decade or two, we could possibly cure thousands of diseases forever.
74
But all of these medical applications have one thing in common: they are limited to the individual and die with them, except if you use them on reproductive cells or very early embryos.
75
But CRISPR can and probably will be used for much more: the creation of modified humans—designer babies—and will mean gradual, but irreversible changes to the human gene pool.
76
The means to edit the genome of a human embryo already exists.
77
Though the technology is still in its early stages, but it has already been attempted twice.
78
In 2015 and 2016, Chinese scientists experimented with human embryos and were partially successful on their second attempt.
79
They showed the enormous challenges we still face in gene editing embryos, but also that scientists are working on solving them.
80
This is like the computer in the 70's. There will be better computers.
81
Regardless of your personal take on genetic engineering, it will affect you.
82
Modified humans could alter the genome of our entire species, because their engineered traits will be passed on to their children and could spread over generations, slowly modifying the whole gene pool of humanity.
83
It will start slowly. The first designer babies will not be overly designed.
84
It's most likely that they will be created to eliminate a deadly genetic disease running in a family.
85
As the technology progresses and gets more refined, more and more people may argue that not using genetic modification is unethical, because it condemns children to preventable suffering and death and denies them the cure.
86
But as soon as the first engineered kid is born, a door is opened that can't be closed anymore.
87
Early on, vanity traits will mostly be left alone.
88
But as genetic modification becomes more accepted and our knowledge of our genetic code enhances, the temptation will grow.
89
If you make your offspring immune to Alzheimer, why not also give them an enhanced metabolism?
90
Why not throw in perfect eyesight?
91
How about height or muscular structure?
92
Full hair? How about giving your child the gift of extraordinary intelligence?
93
Huge changes are made as a result of the personal decisions of millions of individuals that accumulate.
94
This is a slippery slope. Modified humans could become the new standard.
95
But as engineering becomes more normal and our knowledge improves, we could solve the single biggest mortality risk factor: aging.
96
Two-thirds of the 150,000 people who died today will die of age-related causes.
97
Currently we think aging is caused by the accumulation of damage to our cells, like DNA breaks and the systems responsible for fixing those wearing off over time.
98
But there are also genes that directly affect aging.
99
A combination of genetic engineering and other therapy could stop or slow down aging, maybe even reverse it.
100
We know from nature that there are animals immune to aging.
101
Maybe we could even borrow a few genes for ourselves.
102
Some scientists even think biological aging could be something that eventually just stops being a thing.
103
We would still die at some point, but instead of doing so in hospitals at age 90, we might be able to spend a few thousand years with our loved ones.
104
Research into this is in its infancy, and many scientists are rightly skeptical about the end of aging.
105
The challenges are enormous and maybe it is unachievable, but it is conceivable the people alive today might be the first to profit from effective anti aging therapy.
106
All we might need is for someone to convince a smart billionaire to make it their next problem to solve.
107
On a bigger scale, we certainly could solve many problems by having a modified population.
108
Engineered humans might be better equipped to cope with high-energy food, eliminating many diseases of civilization like obesity.
109
In possession of a modified immune system, with a library of potential threats, we might become immune to most diseases that haunt us today.
110
Even further into the future, we could engineer humans to be equipped for extended space travel and to cope with different conditions on another planets, which would be extremely helpful in keeping us alive in our hostile universe.
111
Still, a few major challenges await us: some technological, some ethical.
112
Many of you watching will feel uncomfortable and fear that we will create a world in which we will reject non-perfect humans and pre-select features and qualities based on our idea of what's healthy.
113
The thing is we are already living in this world.
114
Tests for dozens of genetic diseases or complications have become standard for pregnant women in much of the world.
115
Often the mere suspicion of a genetic defect can lead to the end of a pregnancy.
116
Take Down syndrome for example, one of the most common genetic defects.
117
In Europe, about 92 % of all pregnancies where it's detected are terminated.
118
The decision to terminate pregnancy is incredibly personal, but it's important to acknowledge the reality that we are pre-selecting humans based on medical conditions.
119
There is also no use in pretending this will change, so we have to act carefully and respectfully as we advance the technology and can make more and more selections.
120
But none of this will happen soon.
121
As powerful as CRISPR is—and it is, it's not infallible yet.
122
Wrong edits still happen as well as unknown errors that can occur anywhere in the DNA and might go unnoticed.
123
The gene edit might achieve the desired result—disabling a disease, but also might accidentally trigger unwanted changes.
124
We just don't know enough yet about the complex interplay of our genes to avoid unpredictable consequences.
125
Working on accuracy and monitoring methods is a major concern as the first human trials begin.
126
And since we've discussed a possible positive future, there are darker visions too.
127
Imagine what a state like North Korea could do if they embraced genetic engineering.
128
Could a state cement its rule forever by forcing gene editing on their subjects?
129
What would stop a totalitarian regime from engineering an army of modified super soldiers?
130
It is doable in theory.
131
Scenarios like this one are far, far off into the future, if they ever become possible at all.
132
But the basic proof of concept for genetic engineering like this already exists today.
133
The technology really is that powerful.
134
While this might be a tempting reason to ban genetic editing and related research, that would certainly be a mistake.
135
Banning human genetic engineering would only lead to the science wandering off to a place with jurisdiction and rules that we are uncomfortable with.
136
Only by participating can we make sure that further research is guided by caution, reason, oversight, and transparency.
137
Do you feel uncomfortable now?
138
Most of us have something wrong with them.
139
In the future that lies ahead of us, would we have been allowed to exist?
140
The technology is certainly a bit scary, but we have a lot to gain, and genetic engineering might just be a step in the natural evolution of intelligent species in the universe.
141
We might end disease.
142
We could extend our life expectancy by centuries and travel to the stars.
143
There's no need to think small when it comes to this topic.
144
Whatever your opinion on genetic engineering, the future is approaching no matter what.
145
What has been insane science fiction is about to become our new reality, a reality full of opportunities and challenges.
146
Videos like this would not be possible without viewer donations on patreon.com.
147
If you want to support to explaining complicated stuff and maybe get your own bird in return, you can do so here.
148
If you want to learn more about CRISPR, we put the sources and further reading in the description.
149
More videos about the whole topic area will follow.
150
If you want to be notified when it happens, you can follow us here.
📺 Тот же канал
C1118
Can Earth Run Out of Water?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1108
Could Humans Evolve Flight?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1545
What If You Never Slept?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C16
Your Skeleton Is Electric
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B27
Would You Upload Your Mind?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Terrible! 2/3
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C114
Your Brain Peaked at Birth
University StudentsWorking Adults
C11
Your Brain on Magic Mushrooms
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C164
What the Flu Does to Your Body
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
What Is Life? Is Death Real?
University StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Is War Over? — A Paradox Explained
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
How ADHD Medication Works
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
The Most Complex Language in the World
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1757
How Stress Changes Your Brain
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B25
Let’s Steal a New Moon
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
What Happens AFTER Nuclear War?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Awesome! 3/3
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Why Ebola Keeps Coming Back
University StudentsWorking Adults
B252
Can We Stop the Extinction?
University StudentsWorking Adults
B26
YOU Own the Moon. And Mars. And Venus.
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
✨ Рекомендуемое видео
C15
96 предложений
Are GMOs Good or Bad? Genetic Engineering & Our Food
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
153 предложений
Revolutions in Science and Tech: Crash Course European History #44
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
530 предложений
Human Immortality 4K | Can Science Defeat Aging?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
55 предложений
Your genes affect your education. Here’s why that’s controversial. | Kathryn Paige Harden
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
32 предложений
What if quantum physics could eradicate illness? | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C16
40 предложений
I10T4S4 - Nanotechnology
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C122
9 предложений
A revolution that takes our power? | Yuval Noah Harari
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C25
25 предложений
CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Technology
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C185 предложений
We Can Now Simulate a Human Brain, Scientists Show
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C110
168 предложений
The Agricultural Revolution: Crash Course World History #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B2103
19 предложений
Man of the future | Nikola Tesla | edit
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня C1 построен на видео «Genetic Engineering Will Change Everything Forever – CRISPR». Чаще всего повторяются слова: genetic, Crispr, Dna, engineering, cell. В этом видео 150 предложений и 2494 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 15:58. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 156 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 79% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| modify глагол | /ˈmɑ.dɪˌfaɪ/ | изменя́ть, модифици́ровать |
| bacterium существительное | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | бакте́рия |
| embryo существительное | /ˈɛmbɹi.oʊ/ | эмбрио́н, заро́дыш |
| trait существительное | /tɹeɪt/ | черта́, осо́бенность |
| archive существительное | /ˈɑɹˌkaɪv/ | архи́в |
| molecule существительное | /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/ | моле́кула |
| genome существительное | /ˈd͡ʒiː.noʊm/ | гено́м |
| activate глагол | /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/ | активизи́ровать, активи́ровать |
| tomato существительное | /təˈmeɪ.toʊ/ | помидо́р, тома́т |
| complication существительное | /ˌkɑm.pləˈkeɪ.ʃən/ | усложне́ние, затрудне́ние |
| refine глагол | /ɹɪˈfaɪn/ | очищать |
| terminate глагол | /ˈtɝmɪneɪ̯t/ | прекраща́ть, прекратить |
| wander глагол | /ˈwɑndɚ/ | броди́ть, слоня́ться |
| defect существительное | /ˈdiːfɛkt/ | недоста́ток, дефе́кт |
| notify глагол | /ˈnoʊtɪfaɪ/ | уведомля́ть, уве́домить |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| carry out глагол | /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ | выноси́ть, вы́нести |
| cut out глагол | возде́рживаться, воздержа́ться | |
| figure out глагол | разбира́ться, разобра́ться | |
| make up глагол | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | составля́ть, соста́вить |
| pick up глагол | подбира́ть, подобра́ть | |
| see through глагол | ви́деть наскво́зь | |
| slow down глагол | замедля́ть, заме́длить | |
| take down глагол | снимать |
Фразы, которые стоит повторять
Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:
- We're at a similar point today with genetic engineering.
- How about giving your child the gift of extraordinary intelligence?
- Do you feel uncomfortable now?
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect Continuous have/has been + -ing — действие началось раньше и продолжается | have been engineering · have been fighting |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | were told · is encoded · are paired |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | has now changed · have shrunk · have been engineered |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 6 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, we're, can't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, ethical /ˈɛθɪkəl/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: modification /ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, complication /ˌkɑm.pləˈkeɪ.ʃən/, reproduction /ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌkʃən/, manipulation /məˌnɪp.juˈleɪ.ʃən/, suspicion /səˈspɪʃ.ən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: modification /ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, complication /ˌkɑm.pləˈkeɪ.ʃən/, metabolism /məˈtæb.əˌlɪz.əm/, reproduction /ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌkʃən/, reproductive /ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌktɪv/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как modify, bacterium, embryo.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.