分詞短語

分詞短語是一種縮短的分句：主語消失了（通常連詞和助動詞也一起省略），動詞變成分詞。關鍵規則：省略掉的主語必須和主句的主語相同。

💡放在句首的分詞短語後面要加逗號，兩部分之間不用 and / so / but：Picking up my bag, I ran…（不說：Picking up my bag, and I ran…）。

1. 兩件事同時發生——-ing 短語可以放在句首或句末

• She sat by the window reading a novel.

  她坐在窗邊看小說。

• Walking home, I bumped into an old classmate.

  走路回家時，我碰到了一個老同學。

2. 一件事發生在另一個動作進行期間

• He cut his finger chopping onions.

  他切洋蔥時切到了手指。（= while he was chopping）

• Don't text while driving.

  開車時不要發簡訊。

3. 一個動作完成後，接著發生下一個——Having + V3（或 After + -ing）

• Having locked the door, he realised his keys were still inside.

  鎖上門以後，他才發現鑰匙還在裡面。

• After finishing dinner, we went for a walk by the lake.

  吃完晚飯後，我們去湖邊散步。

4. 表示原因——代替 because / as / since

• Feeling sick, Nam stayed home from school.

  阿南覺得不舒服，就沒去上學。

• Not having a car, we rely on buses to get around.

  我們沒有車，所以出行靠公交車。

• Having grown up by the sea, Huy is a great swimmer.

  阿輝在海邊長大，所以游泳遊得很好。

5. 被動意義——V3 或 Having been + V3

• Written in simple English, the book is perfect for learners.

  這本書用淺顯的英語寫成，非常適合學習者。

• Shocked by the news, she couldn't say a word.

  她被這個訊息驚呆了，一句話也說不出來。

• Having been rejected twice, he almost gave up.

  被拒絕了兩次之後，他差點放棄了。

放在句首的分詞短語主要用於書面語和講故事。在對話中，人們通常用完整的分句：When I got home…、Because I felt sick…。放在主句後面的 -ing 短語（sat there reading、cut his finger chopping onions）在口語中也很自然。

為了讓意思更清楚，可以在分詞前保留連詞：

• After / Before / Since / While / When + -ing：after finishing、before leaving、since moving here、while waiting、when using。After、before 和 since 也是介詞，所以後面接 -ing（見“介詞 + -ing”一課）。
• after 後面可以用 having + V3（after having finished），但通常沒必要，因為 after 已經表明了先後順序。
• If / Unless / Once / When / Although / Until + V3 表示被動意義——在標籤和說明書中非常常見。
• 不要在連詞後面直接接主動意義的 V2 / V3：after finished ✗，when arrived ✗ → after finishing，when we arrived / arriving。

• Turn off the lights before leaving the room.

  離開房間前請關燈。

• Since moving to Da Nang, she has taken up surfing.

  自從搬到峴港，她就開始玩衝浪了。

• Once opened, keep the jar in the fridge.

  開封后請將罐子放在冰箱裡儲存。（= once it has been opened）

• Although injured, he finished the race.

  儘管受了傷，他還是跑完了比賽。

分詞也可以放在名詞後面，代替 who / which + 動詞（見“定語從句”一課）：-ing 表示主動，V3 表示被動。

• The woman sitting next to me kept talking on the phone.

  坐在我旁邊的那個女人一直在打電話。（= who was sitting）

• Most of the phones sold here are second-hand.

  這裡賣的手機大多是二手的。（= which are sold）

• Anyone wanting a refund should keep the receipt.

  想要退款的人都應保留收據。

• The old bridge, built in 1902, is still in use.

  那座建於 1902 年的老橋至今仍在使用。

這裡的 -ing 形式不只用於正在進行的動作：a road connecting two villages（= which connects）。但對於過去一次性完成的動作，要保留定語從句：the man who stole my bag——“the man stealing my bag” 的意思是他當時正在拿我的包。

讀者總是把分詞的主語理解為主句的主語。如果兩者不同，句子表達的就不是你想說的意思——有時還很可笑。這叫作垂懸分詞（dangling participle）。

例外：有些固定短語的作用像副詞，不需要主語一致：generally speaking、strictly speaking、judging by / from、considering、given、assuming。例如：Judging by the clouds, it's going to rain.

💡寫完一個分詞短語後，問問自己：短語裡的動作是誰做的？那個人必須是逗號後面緊接著的主語。

• ✗After finished lunch, we went back to work.

  ✓After finishing lunch, we went back to work. / Having finished lunch, …

  After 後面接 -ing；或者去掉 after，用 having + V3。

• ✗Having took the wrong bus, we arrived late at the wedding.

  ✓Having taken the wrong bus, we arrived late at the wedding.

  Having + V3（taken），不用一般過去時。

• ✗Having bitten by a dog as a child, Hung is afraid of dogs.

  ✓Having been bitten by a dog as a child, Hung is afraid of dogs.

  阿雄是被咬的 → 被動需要 been。

• ✗Opened the fridge, I found nothing to eat.

  ✓Opening the fridge, I found nothing to eat.

  冰箱是我開啟的 → 主動用 -ing；V3 表示被動。

• ✗Picking up my bag, and I ran to the bus stop.

  ✓Picking up my bag, I ran to the bus stop.

  分詞短語和主句之間不用 and。

• ✗When arrived at the station, we called a taxi.

  ✓When we arrived at the station, we called a taxi. / Arriving at the station, …

  when 後面用完整的分句或 -ing。