पाठ 103 · चरण 9: विचारों को जोड़ना
“so … that” / “such … that”
मध्यम“So … that” / “such … that”
रूप और प्रयोग
so + विशेषण + that, such a + संज्ञा + that — कारण और उसका परिणाम
1.रूप (Form)
So … that और such … that का मतलब है “इतना … कि”: पहला हिस्सा बहुत ज़्यादा हद दिखाता है और that वाला उपवाक्य उसका नतीजा बताता है। फ़र्क: so विशेषण / क्रियाविशेषण के साथ आता है, such संज्ञा के साथ।
| ढाँचा | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| so + विशेषण / क्रियाविशेषण + that | The soup was so spicy that I couldn't finish it. |
| such a / an + (विशेषण) + एकवचन संज्ञा + that | It was such a long day that I fell asleep at eight. |
| such + (विशेषण) + बहुवचन / अगणनीय संज्ञा + that | They're such kind people that everyone loves them. |
| so many / few + बहुवचन संज्ञा + that | There were so many people that we couldn't get in. |
| so much / little + अगणनीय संज्ञा + that | I had so much work that I skipped lunch. |
बोलचाल में that अक्सर हटा दिया जाता है: I was so tired I fell asleep on the bus।
2.So या such?
खाली जगह के ठीक बाद क्या आता है, उसे देखें। सिर्फ़ विशेषण / क्रियाविशेषण → so। संज्ञा (भले ही उससे पहले विशेषण हो) → such। एकवचन गणनीय संज्ञा के साथ such के बाद a / an रखें।
The test was so easy that everyone passed.
टेस्ट इतना आसान था कि सब पास हो गए।
It was such an easy test that everyone passed.
वह इतना आसान टेस्ट था कि सब पास हो गए। (बाद में संज्ञा (test) आती है → such an)
The kids were so noisy that the neighbours complained.
बच्चे इतना शोर कर रहे थे कि पड़ोसियों ने शिकायत कर दी।
They were such noisy kids that the neighbours complained.
वे इतने शोर मचाने वाले बच्चे थे कि पड़ोसियों ने शिकायत कर दी। (बहुवचन → a नहीं)
She speaks such good English that people think she grew up in London.
वह इतनी अच्छी English बोलती है कि लोग सोचते हैं कि वह लंदन में पली-बढ़ी है। (English अगणनीय है → a नहीं)
किसी सामान्य क्रिया के बाद so + क्रियाविशेषण लगाएँ: He drove so carefully that… (so careful नहीं)।
so और such में से कौन-सा लगेगा, यह सिर्फ़ इस पर निर्भर करता है कि बाद में क्या आता है। खुद से पूछें: “क्या खाली जगह के बाद कोई संज्ञा है?” हाँ → such (a); नहीं → so। so + विशेषण + a + संज्ञा (so good a film) वाला ढाँचा भी होता है, लेकिन यह बहुत औपचारिक और दुर्लभ है।
3.So much, so many, so few, so little
मात्रा बताने वाले शब्द से पहले so लगाएँ, such नहीं: so many / so few + बहुवचन संज्ञा, so much / so little + अगणनीय संज्ञा। Such a lot of दोनों तरह की संज्ञाओं के साथ चलता है।
There were so many motorbikes that the traffic didn't move for an hour.
इतनी सारी मोटरसाइकिलें थीं कि एक घंटे तक ट्रैफ़िक हिला ही नहीं।
I've got so much homework that I can't go out tonight.
मेरे पास इतना होमवर्क है कि मैं आज रात बाहर नहीं जा सकता।
So few students signed up that the class was cancelled.
इतने कम छात्रों ने नाम लिखवाया कि क्लास रद्द कर दी गई।
We had so little time that we skipped breakfast.
हमारे पास इतना कम समय था कि हमने नाश्ता छोड़ दिया।
There was such a lot of noise that I couldn't hear the teacher.
इतना ज़्यादा शोर था कि मुझे टीचर की आवाज़ सुनाई नहीं दी।
4.So, very या too?
Very सिर्फ़ हद दिखाता है; इसके बाद that वाला उपवाक्य नहीं आ सकता। So … that नतीजा बताता है। Too … to का मतलब है “जितना संभव या ठीक है, उससे ज़्यादा” — पाठ “too … to” / “enough to” देखें। that के बिना so / such बस भावना जोड़ते हैं, और very से ज़्यादा ज़ोरदार होते हैं।
| मतलब | उदाहरण | |
|---|---|---|
| very | ज़्यादा हद, बस इतना ही | It was very cold. |
| so … that | इतना कि (आगे नतीजा आता है) | It was so cold that the lake froze. |
| too … to | संभव / ठीक से ज़्यादा | It was too cold to swim. |
| so / such (that के बिना) | ज़ोर, भावना | It's so hot today! She's such a nice person. |
The coffee was so strong that I couldn't sleep.
कॉफ़ी इतनी कड़क थी कि मुझे नींद नहीं आई।
The coffee was too strong for me to drink.
कॉफ़ी इतनी कड़क थी कि मैं उसे पी नहीं सका।
Thanks for the flowers — you're so kind!
फूलों के लिए शुक्रिया — आप कितने अच्छे हैं!
very … that या too … that का प्रयोग न करें: I was so hungry that I ate two bowls (very hungry that / too hungry that नहीं)।
5.आम गलतियाँ
It was so a good film that I watched it twice.It was such a good film that I watched it twice.
बाद में संज्ञा है → such a।
The room was such cold that we wore our coats.The room was so cold that we wore our coats.
सिर्फ़ विशेषण है → so।
It was such nice day that we had a picnic.It was such a nice day that we had a picnic.
एकवचन संज्ञा के साथ a चाहिए।
The music was very loud that we couldn't talk.The music was so loud that we couldn't talk.
Very के बाद that वाला उपवाक्य नहीं आ सकता।
There were so much people that we left.There were so many people that we left.
People बहुवचन है → many।
She spoke so quiet that nobody heard her.She spoke so quietly that nobody heard her.
यह क्रिया का वर्णन करता है → क्रियाविशेषण।
उदाहरण
- The film was so boring that I fell asleep.
- He drove so fast that the police stopped him.
- Mr Khoa speaks so fast that I only understand half of his lessons.
- I was so nervous that my hands were shaking.
