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38 frasi
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There is a theory that Alzheimer's starts in the nose.
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Now I'm not talking here about the fact that Alzheimer's patients tend to lose their sense of smell, often years before they notice any memory loss.
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I'm talking about the idea that maybe the whole thing just starts because of your nose.
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So the thing you've got to know is
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that your brain is locked away from the rest of your body in like a fortress, right?
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Even your blood can't get into your brain without going past
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some really heavy duty bounces in the form of the blood -brain barrier
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but one of the few areas where it has a connection
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to the outside is through your nose right just behind your eyes sitting behind your nose
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there is like a little bit of your skull
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that is covered in tiny holes through
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which your olfactory nerves will dangle to give you your sense of smell it's a bit like
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if you squished play -doh through a colander anyway to see if
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that was a potential route into the brain for infection a group of scientists they took a bunch of mice
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and then squirted chlamydia up their noses um now it was chlamydia pneumonia
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which is a sort of bacterial cousin of um if the one
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that gives you an sti
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but why let facts get in the way of a good
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sentence anyway to their surprise within 72 hours these mice who just had something put into their nose
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had an infection that traveled up into their brains
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that had then triggered the same kind of inflammatory response and plaques that you see in brains that are riddled with alzheimer's
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Another study was looking at stray dogs in Mexico.
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They took some that had lived around areas with lots of really bad pollution
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and then others that had been living in really rural locations.
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And they found in the dogs from the cities,
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inside of their brain were embedded really tiny little flecks of metals thought to have come from exhausts and braking of cars.
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And each one of those fragments was then surrounded again by the same plaques, same inflammatory responses that you end up seeing in Alzheimer's.
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The latest research has been looking at young children
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and adults who also grew up in really heavily polluted areas and found essentially the same thing.
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Stuff that is theorised to have got into the brain, through the nose, kind of sniffed up from the environment around,
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that is then kind of surrounded by these plaques and inflammatory response that you end up seeing in people decades, decades, decades later who have Alzheimer's.
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So here is the theory.
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Maybe one, the whole thing starts way, way, way, way, way before we thought.
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And two, maybe this isn't just something that goes wrong in your brain.
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Maybe the plaques that cause Alzheimer's are what's left over after your brain has fought off an outside invader.
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Interesting, isn't it?
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Anyway, if you want the full rundown, I've done a new scientist column on it, and you can see it on their website.
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Enjoy.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “Could Alzheimer's start in our nose?”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: brain, nose, plaques, inflammatory, decades. Questo video contiene 38 frasi e 522 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 2:33. Chi parla va veloce, circa 204 parole al minuto: aspettati suoni legati e ridotti. Il 84% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| plaque sostantivo | /plæk/ | placca, piastrina |
| inflammatory aggettivo | /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/ | infiammatorio |
| infection sostantivo | /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/ | infezione |
| mouse sostantivo | /maʊs/ | topo, sorcio |
| scientist sostantivo | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | scienziato, scienziata |
| surround verbo | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | circondare |
| essentially avverbio | /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/ | in essenza |
| cousin sostantivo | /ˈkʌz(ə)n/ | cugino, cugina |
| column sostantivo | /ˈkɒləm/ | colonna |
| trigger sostantivo | /ˈtɹɪɡɚ/ | grilletto |
| pollution sostantivo | /pəˈluʃən/ | inquinamento |
| nerve sostantivo | /nɝv/ | nervo |
| barrier sostantivo | /ˈbæɹi.ə/ | barriera |
| bounce verbo | /baʊns/ | rimbalzare |
| brake sostantivo | /bɹeɪk/ | freno |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| end up verbo | andare a finire, finire |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is locked · is covered · are riddled |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has fought · I've done |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 7 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come I'm, isn't, can't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, pollution /pəˈluʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, chlamydia /kləˈmɪd.i.ə/, olfactory /ɑlˈfæk.təɹ.i/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: plaque /plæk/, mouse /maʊs/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, nerve /nɝv/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: plaque /plæk/, inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmət(ə)ɹi/, barrier /ˈbæɹi.ə/, bacterial [bækˈtɪəɹiəɫ], fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come plaque, inflammatory, infection.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.