Pratica di Shadowing: Vol 3 - test 5 - section 4 - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
Creazione lezione...
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Section 4.
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You will hear an extract from a talk entitled Health on the Night Shift.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40 on pages 8 and 9.
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Thank you.
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Good afternoon everybody.
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In this session I want to continue looking at health issues relating to the workplace.
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And I'd like to focus today on night shift workers and the health problems that are associated with their working hours.
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I'm sure you're all aware
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that there has been a huge increase in the number of workers doing regular night shifts in recent years,
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mainly because of the number of shops and services now open 24 hours, seven days a week.
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And we need to look more closely at the consequences of changing work and sleep patterns like this.
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So that's what I'd like us to do today.
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Now, research that has been carried out in both the U.S
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and Britain on night working suggests that it leads to a lot of health problems for the workers, and they point to three main reasons for this.
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The first one is what they call the internal clock, and this is a basic sort of program in our brains.
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This tells us that at certain times we should feel hungry, at other times we should be awake, at other times we should be asleep, and so on.
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And it seems to be generally accepted by all the experts in the field
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that this clock is linked to not just our behavioral habits, but to cycles of light and dark.
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And that means that we're programmed to be awake when it's light, i.e. during the day, and asleep when it's dark.
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The second thing is that night workers are continually fighting against what is termed a sleep debt.
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And by this, the researchers mean
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that it's just practically impossible for them to get a sufficient amount of sleep in daylight hours.
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In fact, studies suggest that on average, night workers only get between five and six hours of sleep rather than the eight they need.
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And the effects of not getting enough sleep can also lead to all sorts of problems, and we'll talk about those in a minute.
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The third cause of these problems is the unsocial hours that night workers have to keep.
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The fact that they are working when their families, their friends are sleeping and vice versa.
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And that kind of dislocation from their social group can be very damaging.
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Okay, so let's take a closer look at some of these effects.
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And if we have a look at the physical effects first, we can see that studies on long-term shift workers found
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that they were much more likely to get heart problems than day workers.
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In addition, there seems to be a very high incidence of stomach problems, for example, ulcers among night shift workers,
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and although this may be partly due to the wrong sort of diet, you know, snacking on fast food,
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it can't be just explained by eating habits.
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And finally, there is evidence to suggest
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that night shift workers also get ill more frequently with minor problems like colds and infections.
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The frequency of these illnesses is much higher than among day workers,
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and this indicates that night working can damage immunity to illness.
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And of course, this leads to a lot of absence from work, too.
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However, although the physical impact of working nights can be severe, perhaps the real problems are psychological ones.
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And the most common problem is depression.
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This seems to be the inevitable result of the constant feeling of tiredness
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and a lack of energy that night workers universally complain of.
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Secondly, there is a lot of evidence from accident statistics to suggest that mental abilities are badly affected, and that means, for example,
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decision-making ability and planning ability.
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and these are what control our performance.
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For example, we can see that the highest number of errors on the roads occur between 3 a.m and 5 a.m.,
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the point in our internal clock when we feel most sleepy.
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Okay, finally, there are the social problems where night working impacts on the family and social life of the employees.
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The first one is obviously the breakup of family life
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and here we can see from the divorce statistics that this occurs more frequently in the case of night workers.
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But there's also the breakdown of other relationships, not just within the family, but among the peer group.
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Night workers tend to lose touch with friends, and these relationships, especially for the long-term night workers,
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are very difficult to rebuild.
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And so this eventually leads to social isolation for the individual, and of course that has consequences for the whole community too.
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So we can begin to see the real cost of nightworking.
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What we need to do now is to look at how...
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello B2 si basa sul video “Vol 3 - test 5 - section 4”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: workers, shift, sleep, suggest, lead. Questo video contiene 61 frasi e 838 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 7:35. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 111 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Il 89% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è facile da seguire.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| consequence sostantivo | /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/ | conseguenza |
| awake verbo | /əˈweɪk/ | svegliarsi |
| dislocation sostantivo | /dɪsləʊˈkeɪʃn̩/ | dislocamento, ripartizione |
| tiredness sostantivo | sfinitezza, stanchezza | |
| unsocial aggettivo | antisociale, insocievole | |
| universally avverbio | /ˌjunɪˈvɝsəli/ | universalmente |
| breakup sostantivo | /ˈbɹeɪk.ʌp/ | spezzettamento |
| sleepy aggettivo | /ˈsliːpi/ | assonnato, sonnolento |
| secondly avverbio | /ˈsɛk.(ə)ndli/ | secondamente |
| behavioral aggettivo | /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/ | comportamentale |
| snack sostantivo | /snæk/ | spuntino |
| rebuild verbo | /ɹiːˈbɪld/ | ricostruire |
| immunity sostantivo | /ɪˈmjuːnəti/ | immunità |
| researcher sostantivo | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | ricercatore, ricercatrice |
| isolation sostantivo | /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ | isolamento |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | are associated · has been carried · is linked |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has been · has been carried |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 7 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come I'd, can't, I'm. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: dislocation /dɪsləʊˈkeɪʃn̩/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: universally /ˌjunɪˈvɝsəli/, behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/, immunity /ɪˈmjuːnəti/, continually /kənˈtɪnjuəli/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, awake /əˈweɪk/, nightwork /ˈnʌɪtwəːk/, incidence /ˈɪn.sɪ.dəns/, breakup /ˈbɹeɪk.ʌp/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: snack /snæk/, extract /ˈɛkstɹækt/, practically /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.k(ə.)li/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come consequence, awake, dislocation.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.