シャドーイング練習: Why do some artists become famous? | Albert-László Barabási - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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There are multiple measures of success in art.
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Some artists work for the pleasure of producing and they really don't care about external recognition.
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Some really want to make an impact in their immediate community.
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However, the traditional measure of success is really external recognition.
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What galleries show your work?
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What museums show your work?
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Is your work selling?
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Is it entering the auction market?
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The amount of money collectors are willing to pay for it.
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What are the factors that really drive these measurable successes?
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Before starting my studies in science, I wanted to be an artist.
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And I studied to be an artist and I hang out with artists and collectors and so on.
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Many of my friends as artists are convinced that they have only one job in front of them, to really express their talent,
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to paint, to sculpt, to do whatever they do.
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And it is not their job to be discovered.
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That's a society's work.
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One of the reasons I'm really interested in art beyond the intellectual interest towards art
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is because art is very different from other measures of performance.
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If you are a runner I can just have a chronometer
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and measure how fast you run and
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that will uniquely determine whether you're a good runner
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or a bad runner and also will determine the rewards you get from running.
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The problem in art is that we don't have a chronometer.
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In contemporary art it's almost impossible to look at the work in isolation and decide what is its value, how important it is.
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In the contemporary art context, the value of an artwork is determined by very complex networks.
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Who is the artist?
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Where that artist has exhibited before?
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Where was that work exhibited before?
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Who owns it and who owned it before?
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And how these multiple links connect to the canon and to art history in general. So
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if we want to understand how really value emerges in the art world
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we need to really map out these dependencies and the multiple networks that drive the value of art.
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A few years ago we did that.
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Through this mapping process we ended up getting a worldwide map of institutions where it turned out the most central nodes,
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the most connected nodes happened to be also the most prestigious museums.
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MoMA, Tate, Gogossian Gallery, some of the biggest museums worldwide.
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The most interesting aspect of this network was that it allowed us to predict artistic success.
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That is, if you give me an artist and their first five exhibits, I put them on the map and we could fast forward their career.
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Were they going to be 10, 20 years from now?
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And the predictions were incredibly accurate.
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You have to think from the perspective of the gatekeepers, And the gatekeepers are the institutions.
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And the network of how the gatekeepers are connected
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and who is paying attention to whom is really the one that determines your access to the art market as an artist.
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Because the path towards the center is much faster if you are already next to it.
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And it's very difficult for somebody to enter from the periphery.
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But our research did show that it's possible.
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We ended up finding about roughly 250 artists who really started from the bottom,
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from the periphery, from unknown institutions and made it all the way to the top.
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And what the data indicated is that they did not follow the traditional advice of how you succeed as an artist,
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which is get a gallery and work with them.
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That is, the gallery will guarantee your future.
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rather these artists who managed to go from the periphery to the center
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at the beginning of their career they worked with many many institutions
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they practically exhibited everywhere they were willing to show their work
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and through these many random acts of exhibitions they ended up hitting a couple of better connected notes
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that offered a path for them towards the center it's really reconfirmed of how important networks are in art
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and how important it is for an artist to really understand the networks in which their work is embedded in,
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in order to guarantee that sooner or later the work will arrive where he or she dreams to arrive at.
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Artistic success is driven by many factors.
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Location is one of them.
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Talent is another one.
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Talent is what gives you access to the nodes
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that you start the working talent is the one that gives you entry into the network.
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And the more talented you are, more and higher level institutions are willing to work with them.
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So the reason we can predict your future from the first five exhibits,
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because by who was willing to work with you in your five exhibits is already a measure of your talent
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and your future journey in the art world.
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The problem is that as a young artist, you don't really understand which is the better institution and which is more connected.
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Of course everybody knows the role of MoMA and the big big galleries
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but what you don't know is that among the many small galleries
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that you have access to who may have a path towards the center.
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The question you need to ask are you there in the short run on the long run?
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In the short run you can make a career to Instagram
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and these many social networks but if you are in for the long run these noise making effects don't really matter.
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The question is, can you bring an artistic practice that resonates with the time and has a unique visual characteristics?
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In that sense, science and art are not different.
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The influential artists and the influential scientists are those on whose work the next generation of artists or scientists can build on.
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Thank you.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Why do some artists become famous?」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：artist, network, institution, talent, measure。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が55文、単語が971語あります。 音声の長さは6:07です。 話す速さは1分あたり約159語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 単語の89%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれるため、語彙は分かりやすいです。 全55文のうち12文が疑問文なので、疑問文のイントネーションや短い受け答えの練習に向いています。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| institution 名詞 | /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/ | 制度 |
| connect 動詞 | /kəˈnɛkt/ | 繋げる |
| node 名詞 | /noʊd/ | 結節 |
| runner 名詞 | /ˈɹʌnɚ/ | 走者, ランナー |
| artistic 形容詞 | /ɑɹˈtɪs.tɪk/ | 芸術的な |
| recognition 名詞 | /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/ | 承認 |
| guarantee 名詞 | /ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/ | 保証 |
| arrive 動詞 | /əˈɹaɪv/ | 着く, 到着する |
| scientist 名詞 | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | 科学者 |
| predict 動詞 | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | 予言する |
| collector 名詞 | /kəˈlɛk.tɚ/ | 集める人, 収集家 |
| aspect 名詞 | /ˈæspɛkt/ | 様相 |
| discover 動詞 | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | 発見する, 見つける |
| exhibition 名詞 | /ɛksɪˈbɪʃən/ | 展示物 |
| indicate 動詞 | /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ | 示す, 指す |
繰り返し練習したい文
動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。
- What galleries showed your work?
- What museums show your work?
- Is your work selling?
注意したい発音
話し手はdon't, you're, gonnaなど、短縮形や弱形を10回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, exhibition /ɛksɪˈbɪʃən/, auction /ˈɔkʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, exhibition /ɛksɪˈbɪʃən/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, roughly /ˈɹʌf.li/, practically /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.k(ə.)li/, measurable /ˈmɛʒəɹəbəl/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: arrive /əˈɹaɪv/, discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, convince /kənˈvɪns/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, roughly /ˈɹʌf.li/, periphery /pəˈɹɪf.ə.ɹi/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。institution, connect, nodeなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。