Prática de Shadowing: Why do some artists become famous? | Albert-László Barabási - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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There are multiple measures of success in art.
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Some artists work for the pleasure of producing and they really don't care about external recognition.
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Some really want to make an impact in their immediate community.
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However, the traditional measure of success is really external recognition.
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What galleries show your work?
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What museums show your work?
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Is your work selling?
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Is it entering the auction market?
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The amount of money collectors are willing to pay for it.
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What are the factors that really drive these measurable successes?
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Before starting my studies in science, I wanted to be an artist.
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And I studied to be an artist and I hang out with artists and collectors and so on.
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Many of my friends as artists are convinced that they have only one job in front of them, to really express their talent,
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to paint, to sculpt, to do whatever they do.
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And it is not their job to be discovered.
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That's a society's work.
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One of the reasons I'm really interested in art beyond the intellectual interest towards art
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is because art is very different from other measures of performance.
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If you are a runner I can just have a chronometer
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and measure how fast you run and
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that will uniquely determine whether you're a good runner
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or a bad runner and also will determine the rewards you get from running.
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The problem in art is that we don't have a chronometer.
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In contemporary art it's almost impossible to look at the work in isolation and decide what is its value, how important it is.
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In the contemporary art context, the value of an artwork is determined by very complex networks.
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Who is the artist?
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Where that artist has exhibited before?
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Where was that work exhibited before?
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Who owns it and who owned it before?
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And how these multiple links connect to the canon and to art history in general. So
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if we want to understand how really value emerges in the art world
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we need to really map out these dependencies and the multiple networks that drive the value of art.
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A few years ago we did that.
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Through this mapping process we ended up getting a worldwide map of institutions where it turned out the most central nodes,
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the most connected nodes happened to be also the most prestigious museums.
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MoMA, Tate, Gogossian Gallery, some of the biggest museums worldwide.
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The most interesting aspect of this network was that it allowed us to predict artistic success.
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That is, if you give me an artist and their first five exhibits, I put them on the map and we could fast forward their career.
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Were they going to be 10, 20 years from now?
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And the predictions were incredibly accurate.
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You have to think from the perspective of the gatekeepers, And the gatekeepers are the institutions.
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And the network of how the gatekeepers are connected
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and who is paying attention to whom is really the one that determines your access to the art market as an artist.
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Because the path towards the center is much faster if you are already next to it.
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And it's very difficult for somebody to enter from the periphery.
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But our research did show that it's possible.
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We ended up finding about roughly 250 artists who really started from the bottom,
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from the periphery, from unknown institutions and made it all the way to the top.
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And what the data indicated is that they did not follow the traditional advice of how you succeed as an artist,
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which is get a gallery and work with them.
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That is, the gallery will guarantee your future.
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rather these artists who managed to go from the periphery to the center
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at the beginning of their career they worked with many many institutions
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they practically exhibited everywhere they were willing to show their work
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and through these many random acts of exhibitions they ended up hitting a couple of better connected notes
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that offered a path for them towards the center it's really reconfirmed of how important networks are in art
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and how important it is for an artist to really understand the networks in which their work is embedded in,
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in order to guarantee that sooner or later the work will arrive where he or she dreams to arrive at.
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Artistic success is driven by many factors.
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Location is one of them.
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Talent is another one.
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Talent is what gives you access to the nodes
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that you start the working talent is the one that gives you entry into the network.
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And the more talented you are, more and higher level institutions are willing to work with them.
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So the reason we can predict your future from the first five exhibits,
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because by who was willing to work with you in your five exhibits is already a measure of your talent
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and your future journey in the art world.
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The problem is that as a young artist, you don't really understand which is the better institution and which is more connected.
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Of course everybody knows the role of MoMA and the big big galleries
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but what you don't know is that among the many small galleries
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that you have access to who may have a path towards the center.
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The question you need to ask are you there in the short run on the long run?
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In the short run you can make a career to Instagram
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and these many social networks but if you are in for the long run these noise making effects don't really matter.
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The question is, can you bring an artistic practice that resonates with the time and has a unique visual characteristics?
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In that sense, science and art are not different.
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The influential artists and the influential scientists are those on whose work the next generation of artists or scientists can build on.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Why do some artists become famous?”. As palavras que mais se repetem: artist, network, institution, talent, measure. Este vídeo tem 55 frases e 971 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:07. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 159 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 89% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é fácil de acompanhar. 12 das 55 frases são perguntas, por isso é um bom treino para a entonação de perguntas e respostas curtas.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| institution substantivo | /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/ | instituição |
| exhibit verbo | /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/ | exibir |
| connect verbo | /kəˈnɛkt/ | conectar |
| runner substantivo | /ˈɹʌnɚ/ | corredor, corredora |
| artistic adjetivo | /ɑɹˈtɪs.tɪk/ | artístico |
| recognition substantivo | /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/ | reconhecimento |
| guarantee substantivo | /ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/ | garantia |
| arrive verbo | /əˈɹaɪv/ | chegar |
| scientist substantivo | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | cientista |
| influential adjetivo | /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/ | influente |
| predict verbo | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | prever |
| collector substantivo | /kəˈlɛk.tɚ/ | colecionador |
| aspect substantivo | /ˈæspɛkt/ | aspeto, aspecto |
| discover verbo | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | descobrir |
| incredibly advérbio | /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/ | incrivelmente |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| end up verbo | terminar, acabar |
| turn out verbo | terminar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- What galleries showed your work?
- What museums show your work?
- Is your work selling?
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 10 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, you're, gonna. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, exhibition /ɛksɪˈbɪʃən/, auction /ˈɔkʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, exhibition /ɛksɪˈbɪʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/, connect /kəˈnɛkt/, node /noʊd/, artistic /ɑɹˈtɪs.tɪk/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/, measurable /ˈmɛʒəɹəbəl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como institution, exhibit, connect.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.