跟读练习: Why do some artists become famous? | Albert-László Barabási - 通过视频学习英语口语
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There are multiple measures of success in art.
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Some artists work for the pleasure of producing and they really don't care about external recognition.
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Some really want to make an impact in their immediate community.
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However, the traditional measure of success is really external recognition.
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What galleries show your work?
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What museums show your work?
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Is your work selling?
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Is it entering the auction market?
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The amount of money collectors are willing to pay for it.
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What are the factors that really drive these measurable successes?
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Before starting my studies in science, I wanted to be an artist.
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And I studied to be an artist and I hang out with artists and collectors and so on.
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Many of my friends as artists are convinced that they have only one job in front of them, to really express their talent,
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to paint, to sculpt, to do whatever they do.
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And it is not their job to be discovered.
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That's a society's work.
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One of the reasons I'm really interested in art beyond the intellectual interest towards art
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is because art is very different from other measures of performance.
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If you are a runner I can just have a chronometer
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and measure how fast you run and
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that will uniquely determine whether you're a good runner
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or a bad runner and also will determine the rewards you get from running.
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The problem in art is that we don't have a chronometer.
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In contemporary art it's almost impossible to look at the work in isolation and decide what is its value, how important it is.
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In the contemporary art context, the value of an artwork is determined by very complex networks.
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Who is the artist?
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Where that artist has exhibited before?
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Where was that work exhibited before?
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Who owns it and who owned it before?
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And how these multiple links connect to the canon and to art history in general. So
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if we want to understand how really value emerges in the art world
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we need to really map out these dependencies and the multiple networks that drive the value of art.
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A few years ago we did that.
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Through this mapping process we ended up getting a worldwide map of institutions where it turned out the most central nodes,
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the most connected nodes happened to be also the most prestigious museums.
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MoMA, Tate, Gogossian Gallery, some of the biggest museums worldwide.
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The most interesting aspect of this network was that it allowed us to predict artistic success.
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That is, if you give me an artist and their first five exhibits, I put them on the map and we could fast forward their career.
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Were they going to be 10, 20 years from now?
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And the predictions were incredibly accurate.
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You have to think from the perspective of the gatekeepers, And the gatekeepers are the institutions.
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And the network of how the gatekeepers are connected
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and who is paying attention to whom is really the one that determines your access to the art market as an artist.
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Because the path towards the center is much faster if you are already next to it.
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And it's very difficult for somebody to enter from the periphery.
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But our research did show that it's possible.
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We ended up finding about roughly 250 artists who really started from the bottom,
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from the periphery, from unknown institutions and made it all the way to the top.
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And what the data indicated is that they did not follow the traditional advice of how you succeed as an artist,
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which is get a gallery and work with them.
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That is, the gallery will guarantee your future.
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rather these artists who managed to go from the periphery to the center
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at the beginning of their career they worked with many many institutions
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they practically exhibited everywhere they were willing to show their work
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and through these many random acts of exhibitions they ended up hitting a couple of better connected notes
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that offered a path for them towards the center it's really reconfirmed of how important networks are in art
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and how important it is for an artist to really understand the networks in which their work is embedded in,
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in order to guarantee that sooner or later the work will arrive where he or she dreams to arrive at.
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Artistic success is driven by many factors.
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Location is one of them.
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Talent is another one.
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Talent is what gives you access to the nodes
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that you start the working talent is the one that gives you entry into the network.
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And the more talented you are, more and higher level institutions are willing to work with them.
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So the reason we can predict your future from the first five exhibits,
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because by who was willing to work with you in your five exhibits is already a measure of your talent
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and your future journey in the art world.
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The problem is that as a young artist, you don't really understand which is the better institution and which is more connected.
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Of course everybody knows the role of MoMA and the big big galleries
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but what you don't know is that among the many small galleries
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that you have access to who may have a path towards the center.
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The question you need to ask are you there in the short run on the long run?
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In the short run you can make a career to Instagram
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and these many social networks but if you are in for the long run these noise making effects don't really matter.
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The question is, can you bring an artistic practice that resonates with the time and has a unique visual characteristics?
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In that sense, science and art are not different.
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The influential artists and the influential scientists are those on whose work the next generation of artists or scientists can build on.
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Thank you.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节口语课以视频“Why do some artists become famous?”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：artist, network, institution, talent, measure。 这段视频共有 55 个句子、971 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 6:07。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 159 个词，接近日常对话。 89% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇容易理解。 全部 55 个句子中有 12 个是问句，适合练习疑问语调和简短回答。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| institution 名词 | /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/ | 制度 |
| exhibit 动词 | /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/ | 展覽 /展览 |
| connect 动词 | /kəˈnɛkt/ | 連接 /连接 |
| node 名词 | /noʊd/ | 結節 /结节 |
| runner 名词 | /ˈɹʌnɚ/ | 跑步者, 跑者 |
| artistic 形容词 | /ɑɹˈtɪs.tɪk/ | 藝術的 /艺术的 |
| recognition 名词 | /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/ | 認出 /认出 |
| guarantee 名词 | /ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/ | 保證 /保证 |
| arrive 动词 | /əˈɹaɪv/ | 到達 /到达, 到 |
| scientist 名词 | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | 科學家 /科学家 |
| influential 形容词 | /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/ | 有影響 /有影响, 有影響力 /有影响力 |
| predict 动词 | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | 預言 /预言 |
| collector 名词 | /kəˈlɛk.tɚ/ | 收藏家, 收債人 /收债人 |
| aspect 名词 | /ˈæspɛkt/ | 方面 |
| discover 动词 | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | 發現 /发现, 發覺 /发觉 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| end up 动词 | 到达 |
| turn out 动词 | 原來 /原来 |
值得反复跟读的句子
视频中简短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常对话里：
- What galleries showed your work?
- What museums show your work?
- Is your work selling?
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 10 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 don't, you're, gonna。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, exhibition /ɛksɪˈbɪʃən/, auction /ˈɔkʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, exhibition /ɛksɪˈbɪʃən/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: arrive /əˈɹaɪv/, discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, convince /kənˈvɪns/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/, connect /kəˈnɛkt/, node /noʊd/, artistic /ɑɹˈtɪs.tɪk/, arrive /əˈɹaɪv/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, roughly /ˈɹʌf.li/, practically /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.k(ə.)li/, measurable /ˈmɛʒəɹəbəl/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 institution, exhibit, connect 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。