第 80 課 · 第 7 階段: 名詞、冠詞與限定詞
什麼時候用 the(什麼時候不用)
中級When to use the (and when not to)
構成與用法
children vs the children, school vs the school, the old, play the guitar——泛指 vs 特指
1.泛指還是特指?
泛指某一類人或事物(整個類別)時,用複數名詞或不可數名詞,不加 the。聽的人確切知道是哪些時,才用 the。
| 泛指——不用 the | 特指——用 the |
|---|---|
| Children need a lot of sleep. | The children are asleep upstairs. |
| I can't work without music. | I don't like the music in this café. |
| Sugar is bad for your teeth. | Could you pass the sugar, please? |
| Dogs are friendly animals. | The dogs next door bark all night. |
| Rice is cheap here. | The rice we bought yesterday is very good. |
名詞後面有修飾語,並不一定就要加 the。如果它說的仍然是泛指的某一類事物,就不加 the;如果指的是特定的一群,才用 the。
I like working with people who are honest.
我喜歡和誠實的人一起工作。(仍是泛指——指一類人)
I really like the people I work with.
我真的很喜歡和我一起工作的那些人。(特定的一群人)
Do you like strong black coffee?
你喜歡濃的黑咖啡嗎?(仍是泛指)
The coffee we had this morning was too sweet.
我們今天早上喝的咖啡太甜了。(特指的咖啡)
- most + 名詞表示泛泛而談:Most people like holidays.(不說:The most people)
- all + 名詞 = 泛指的全部;all the + 名詞 = 某個特定群體的全部:All plants need water. / All the plants in my garden died.
問問自己:“聽的人知道是哪些嗎?”如果你的意思是“這一類的所有事物”,就不用冠詞:I'm afraid of dogs(泛指狗),不說 the dogs。中文名詞前沒有冠詞,所以要特別注意這一點。
2.獨一無二的事物和固定用法
某樣東西只有一個(在世界上或在當前情境中)時用 the;最高階、序數詞和 the same 前面也用 the。
- 獨一無二:the sun, the moon, the sky, the sea, the world, the internet, the environment
- 最高階:the best, the tallest, the most expensive
- 序數詞和 next / last:the first time, the fifth floor, the next train, the last day
- the same(不說:same):We have the same phone.
- 某物的一部分:the end of the month, the top of the page, the beginning of the film
The sky was clear and the sea was calm.
天空晴朗,大海風平浪靜。
This is the best pho I've ever had.
這是我吃過的最好吃的河粉。
Our office is on the fifth floor.
我們的辦公室在五樓。
Lan and I were born on the same day.
我和阿蘭是同一天出生的。
但 space(太空)和作為行星名稱的 Earth 通常不加 the。編號前面也不加 the:room 12, page 30, gate 5, platform 2, size 39。
Would you like to travel into space?
你想去太空旅行嗎?(不說:the space)
Our flight leaves from gate 5.
我們的航班從 5 號登機口出發。(不說:the gate 5)
3.school 還是 the school?
school, university / college, hospital, prison, church 這些詞:指這個地方的主要用途(上學、治病、服刑、做禮拜)時,不加 the;指建築物本身時,比如作為訪客去那裡,就用 the。
| 不用 the——主要用途 | 用 the——建築物 | |
|---|---|---|
| school | Hoa goes to school by bike. | Her mum went to the school to meet the teacher. |
| university | Minh wants to go to university. | The university is next to a park. |
| hospital | Grandpa is in hospital. | We went to the hospital to visit him. |
| prison | The thief was sent to prison. | A journalist visited the prison. |
| church | They go to church on Sundays. | The church was built in 1890. |
美式英語稍有不同:即使是病人,美國人通常也說 in the hospital / to the hospital;而且常用 college 泛指上大學:She's in college.
另外一些常用說法也不加 the:
- go to bed / be in bed(睡覺或休息)——但坐在床上是 sit on the bed(指一件具體的傢俱)
- go to work / be at work / start work / finish work
- go home / come home / get home / be at home——home 前面不加 to
I'm tired. I'm going to bed.
我累了,我要去睡覺了。
Don't put your bag on the bed.
別把你的包放在床上。(指一張具體的床)
Dad is still at work.
爸爸還在上班。
What time did you get home?
你幾點到家的?(不說:get to home)
4.三餐、樂器、運動、電視
| 常用說法 | 注意 | |
|---|---|---|
| 三餐 | have breakfast / lunch / dinner | 前面有形容詞時加 a:a quick lunch, a big dinner |
| 樂器 | play the guitar / the piano / the drums | 美式英語中 play guitar、play piano 也很常見 |
| 運動 | play football / tennis / badminton | 不加 the |
| 電視和廣播 | watch TV / listen to the radio | 但 turn off the TV(指電視機) |
| 外出娛樂 | go to the cinema / the theatre | 加 the,即使並不是指某一傢俱體的 |
What did you have for breakfast?
你早飯吃了什麼?
We had a very nice dinner at Lan's house.
我們在阿蘭家吃了一頓很棒的晚餐。(有形容詞 → 加 a)
My son is learning to play the piano.
我兒子在學彈鋼琴。
Do you want to go to the cinema tonight?
你今晚想去看電影嗎?
5.the old, the French, the tiger
The + 形容詞(後面不跟名詞)表示一類人:the rich, the poor, the young, the elderly, the homeless, the unemployed, the sick, the injured。意思是複數,所以動詞用複數,形容詞永遠不加 -s。
The elderly often need help with new technology.
老年人在使用新科技時常常需要幫助。(用 need,不說:needs)
Should the rich pay more tax?
富人應該多交稅嗎?
指一個人時要加名詞:a rich man, an elderly woman, a homeless person(不說:a rich)。
以 -ch, -sh, -ese, -ss 結尾的國籍詞,指整個民族時加 the:the French, the British, the Dutch, the Spanish, the Chinese, the Japanese, the Vietnamese, the Swiss。其他國籍詞加 -s,通常不加 the:Americans, Italians, Koreans, Thais。所有國籍都可以說 … people:Vietnamese people, French people。
The + 單數名詞還可以表示某一種動物或某一項發明的整體——這是稍正式的說法,在書籍和文章中很常見。
The Dutch are famous for their bicycles.
荷蘭人以腳踏車聞名。
The tiger is in danger of dying out.
老虎面臨滅絕的危險。
Who invented the telephone?
電話是誰發明的?
指一個人時,最自然的說法是 a Chinese man / a Swiss woman / a Vietnamese person。“A Chinese” 語法上沒錯,但聽起來可能有點生硬;複數說 Chinese people 最穩妥。
6.常見錯誤
The money can't buy happiness.Money can't buy happiness.
泛指 → 不用 the。
I usually go to the bed at eleven.I usually go to bed at eleven.
go to bed 不加 the。
The most people here speak English.Most people here speak English.
most + 名詞,不加 the。
Our train leaves from the platform 2.Our train leaves from platform 2.
編號前面不加 the。
The rich is getting richer.The rich are getting richer.
the + 形容詞表示覆數。
We had very nice lunch.We had a very nice lunch.
三餐前有形容詞 → 加 a。
例句
- My daughter is learning to play the violin.
- I read the news on the internet every morning.
- Doctors say children need about nine hours of sleep a night.
- The government should build more cheap homes for the poor.
