By

用 by + 交通工具 表示出行方式：by car、by bus、by train、by plane、by taxi、by bike、by boat；还有 by air、by sea、by road。by 后面不加冠词，也不加 my / the。

• I usually go to work by bus.

  我通常坐公交车上班。

• We travelled to Hue by train.

  我们坐火车去了顺化。

但步行要说 on foot。另外，当交通工具前面有 a / the / my / his… 时，就不用 by 了：用 in（car、taxi）或 on（bus、train、plane、bike）。

by 还可以表示某事是怎样做的：by email、by post（美式：by mail）、by phone、by card、by bank transfer。用纸币和硬币付钱，要说 in cash（或 pay cash）。

• Can you send me the file by email?

  你能用电子邮件把文件发给我吗？

• Can I pay by card? — Sorry, we only take cash.

  可以刷卡吗？——抱歉，我们只收现金。

• I paid for the tickets in cash.

  我是用现金买的票。（不说：by cash）

• by mistake = 弄错了，不是故意的
• by accident / by chance = 没有计划的，碰巧
• by hand = 手工做的，不是机器做的
• by + -ing = 做某事的方法（见“介词 + -ing”一课）
• by myself / by yourself / by herself… = 独自，没有别人帮忙

• Sorry, I took your umbrella by mistake.

  对不起，我拿错了你的伞。

• We met by chance at the market.

  我们在市场上偶然碰到了。

• These bags are made by hand.

  这些包是手工做的。

• She learned English by watching films.

  她是通过看电影学英语的。

• Did you make this cake by yourself?

  这个蛋糕是你自己做的吗？

💡表示手里拿着的工具，用 with，不用 by：cut it with a knife（用刀切），write with a pen（用笔写）。By 用于交通工具和一般的方式：by bus，by email，by hand。

by + 时间 = 不晚于那个时间——在那时或之前（“在…之前”）。它表示截止期限。对比 until = 某事一直持续到那个时间（见“By 与 until”一课）。

• Please finish the report by Friday.

  请在星期五之前完成报告。（不晚于星期五）

• I'll be home by six, I promise.

  我六点前一定到家，我保证。

• You must return the book by Monday.

  你必须在星期一之前还书。（截止期限）

• You can keep the book until Monday.

  这本书你可以一直借到星期一。（一直留着，直到星期一）

by + 人 表示某样东西是谁写的或做的：a poem by Nguyen Du（阮攸的诗），a song by Trinh Cong Son（郑公山的歌），a film by…。在被动语态中，by 引出动作的执行者（见“被动语态”一课）。

• The Tale of Kieu is a famous poem by Nguyen Du.

  《金云翘传》是阮攸的一部名作。

• Have you read anything by Haruki Murakami?

  你读过村上春树的作品吗？

• This picture was painted by my grandfather.

  这幅画是我爷爷画的。

• The village was hit by a storm last night.

  昨晚村子遭到了风暴的袭击。

注意：a picture by my grandfather = 是他画的画；a picture of my grandfather = 画的是他（他的画像）。表示作者或制作者，用 by，不用 of 或 from。

by = 就在旁边（和 next to / beside 意思相近）：by the window，by the door，by the sea，by the river。

• She always sits by the window.

  她总是坐在窗边。

• We stayed in a small hotel by the sea.

  我们住在海边的一家小酒店。

by + 数字 表示某事变化了多少，或差距有多大。常跟在 increase、rise、go up、fall、drop、win、lose、miss… 后面。

• The price of rice went up by 10% last year.

  去年米价涨了 10%。

• We lost the match by two goals.

  我们以两球之差输了比赛。

• I missed the bus by a minute.

  我差一分钟没赶上公交车。

• 其他一些固定短语：by the way（顺便说一下，引出新话题），one by one（一个接一个），little by little（慢慢地、逐渐），step by step（一步一步）。
• paid by the hour = 按小时计酬；a room 4 metres by 5 metres = 长宽为 4 × 5 米的房间。

• ✗She goes to school by the bike.

  ✓She goes to school by bike.

  by + 交通工具不加冠词。

• ✗We went to Vung Tau by my dad's car.

  ✓We went to Vung Tau in my dad's car.

  有 my/his/the 时 → in（car）/ on（bus、bike）。

• ✗We came here by foot.

  ✓We came here on foot.

  步行：标准说法是 on foot。

• ✗This picture was painted from my grandfather.

  ✓This picture was painted by my grandfather.

  被动句中的动作执行者 → by。

• ✗You must return the book until Monday.

  ✓You must return the book by Monday.

  截止期限 → by；until 表示一直持续到。

• ✗He cut the cake by a knife.

  ✓He cut the cake with a knife.

  工具 → with。