By

用 by + 交通工具 表示出行方式：by car、by bus、by train、by plane、by taxi、by bike、by boat；還有 by air、by sea、by road。by 後面不加冠詞，也不加 my / the。

• I usually go to work by bus.

  我通常坐公交車上班。

• We travelled to Hue by train.

  我們坐火車去了順化。

但步行要說 on foot。另外，當交通工具前面有 a / the / my / his… 時，就不用 by 了：用 in（car、taxi）或 on（bus、train、plane、bike）。

by 還可以表示某事是怎樣做的：by email、by post（美式：by mail）、by phone、by card、by bank transfer。用紙幣和硬幣付錢，要說 in cash（或 pay cash）。

• Can you send me the file by email?

  你能用電子郵件把檔案發給我嗎？

• Can I pay by card? — Sorry, we only take cash.

  可以刷卡嗎？——抱歉，我們只收現金。

• I paid for the tickets in cash.

  我是用現金買的票。（不說：by cash）

• by mistake = 弄錯了，不是故意的
• by accident / by chance = 沒有計劃的，碰巧
• by hand = 手工做的，不是機器做的
• by + -ing = 做某事的方法（見“介詞 + -ing”一課）
• by myself / by yourself / by herself… = 獨自，沒有別人幫忙

• Sorry, I took your umbrella by mistake.

  對不起，我拿錯了你的傘。

• We met by chance at the market.

  我們在市場上偶然碰到了。

• These bags are made by hand.

  這些包是手工做的。

• She learned English by watching films.

  她是通過看電影學英語的。

• Did you make this cake by yourself?

  這個蛋糕是你自己做的嗎？

💡表示手裡拿著的工具，用 with，不用 by：cut it with a knife（用刀切），write with a pen（用筆寫）。By 用於交通工具和一般的方式：by bus，by email，by hand。

by + 時間 = 不晚於那個時間——在那時或之前（“在…之前”）。它表示截止期限。對比 until = 某事一直持續到那個時間（見“By 與 until”一課）。

• Please finish the report by Friday.

  請在星期五之前完成報告。（不晚於星期五）

• I'll be home by six, I promise.

  我六點前一定到家，我保證。

• You must return the book by Monday.

  你必須在星期一之前還書。（截止期限）

• You can keep the book until Monday.

  這本書你可以一直借到星期一。（一直留著，直到星期一）

by + 人 表示某樣東西是誰寫的或做的：a poem by Nguyen Du（阮攸的詩），a song by Trinh Cong Son（鄭公山的歌），a film by…。在被動語態中，by 引出動作的執行者（見“被動語態”一課）。

• The Tale of Kieu is a famous poem by Nguyen Du.

  《金雲翹傳》是阮攸的一部名作。

• Have you read anything by Haruki Murakami?

  你讀過村上春樹的作品嗎？

• This picture was painted by my grandfather.

  這幅畫是我爺爺畫的。

• The village was hit by a storm last night.

  昨晚村子遭到了風暴的襲擊。

注意：a picture by my grandfather = 是他畫的畫；a picture of my grandfather = 畫的是他（他的畫像）。表示作者或製作者，用 by，不用 of 或 from。

by = 就在旁邊（和 next to / beside 意思相近）：by the window，by the door，by the sea，by the river。

• She always sits by the window.

  她總是坐在窗邊。

• We stayed in a small hotel by the sea.

  我們住在海邊的一家小酒店。

by + 數字 表示某事變化了多少，或差距有多大。常跟在 increase、rise、go up、fall、drop、win、lose、miss… 後面。

• The price of rice went up by 10% last year.

  去年米價漲了 10%。

• We lost the match by two goals.

  我們以兩球之差輸了比賽。

• I missed the bus by a minute.

  我差一分鐘沒趕上公交車。

• 其他一些固定短語：by the way（順便說一下，引出新話題），one by one（一個接一個），little by little（慢慢地、逐漸），step by step（一步一步）。
• paid by the hour = 按小時計酬；a room 4 metres by 5 metres = 長寬為 4 × 5 米的房間。

• ✗She goes to school by the bike.

  ✓She goes to school by bike.

  by + 交通工具不加冠詞。

• ✗We went to Vung Tau by my dad's car.

  ✓We went to Vung Tau in my dad's car.

  有 my/his/the 時 → in（car）/ on（bus、bike）。

• ✗We came here by foot.

  ✓We came here on foot.

  步行：標準說法是 on foot。

• ✗This picture was painted from my grandfather.

  ✓This picture was painted by my grandfather.

  被動句中的動作執行者 → by。

• ✗You must return the book until Monday.

  ✓You must return the book by Monday.

  截止期限 → by；until 表示一直持續到。

• ✗He cut the cake by a knife.

  ✓He cut the cake with a knife.

  工具 → with。