被动语态

被动语态的结构是 be + 过去分词（V3）。主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语；be 随时态和新的主语变化，而 V3 始终不变。

• Someone cleans the office every evening. → The office is cleaned every evening.

  每天晚上有人打扫办公室。→ 办公室每天晚上都会被打扫。

• A taxi driver found my wallet. → My wallet was found by a taxi driver.

  一位出租车司机捡到了我的钱包。→ 我的钱包被一位出租车司机捡到了。

• 否定句：把 not 放在第一个助动词后面 —— The email wasn't sent. / It hasn't been fixed yet.
• 疑问句：把第一个助动词移到主语前面 —— Was it sent? / Has it been fixed? / When was this house built?
• 完成进行时（has been being done…）几乎从不用于被动语态。

💡中文的“被”多用于不愉快的事，而且很多时候干脆不用“被”（“这房子是 1990 年建的”）。英语的被动语态只有一种形式 be + V3，好事坏事都用：I was invited，I was fined。只要主语不是动作的执行者，英语就必须用被动语态：不能说 “This house built in 1990”，要说 This house was built in 1990。

在 can, must, should, may, might, will, have to, need to… 后面用 be + V3。表示过去，用 情态动词 + have been + V3。

• All phones must be turned off during the exam.

  考试期间所有手机必须关机。

• This problem can't be solved without a calculator.

  没有计算器，这道题解不出来。

• The grass is too long. It needs to be cut.

  草太长了，需要修剪一下。

• This report should have been finished last week.

  这份报告上周就应该完成了。（should have been + V3：本该发生的事）

• My bag isn't here. It might have been taken by mistake.

  我的包不在这里，可能被人拿错了。

在接 to + 动词 的动词后面，用 to be + V3；在介词或接 -ing 的动词（like, hate, avoid, enjoy…）后面，用 being + V3。

• I want to be told the truth.

  我希望别人告诉我真相。

• I hate being told what to do.

  我讨厌被人指挥该做什么。

• She left without being seen.

  她悄悄离开了，没有被人看见。

1. 不知道是谁做的、谁做的不重要，或者显而易见

• My phone was stolen on the bus yesterday.

  我的手机昨天在公交车上被偷了。（不知道是谁偷的）

• Coffee is grown in the Central Highlands.

  西原地区种植咖啡。

• He was arrested last night.

  他昨晚被逮捕了。（显然是被警察逮捕的）

2. 话题是事物或事件，而不是做这件事的人 —— 要谈论的内容放在句首

• Our school was built in 1965.

  我们学校建于 1965 年。

• These shoes are made in Vietnam.

  这些鞋是越南制造的。

• Your order hasn't been sent yet.

  您的订单还没有发货。

3. 正式文体：通知、新闻、说明、报告

• Breakfast is served from 6 to 9.

  早餐供应时间为 6 点到 9 点。

• Two people were injured in the crash.

  两人在车祸中受伤。

• The results will be announced on Friday.

  结果将于星期五公布。

💡日常对话中，英语母语者常用主动语态，主语用泛指的 they, people, someone, you：They're building a new mall near my house. 被动语态并不比主动语态“高级”——当你要谈的是事物而不是执行者时，才选择被动语态。

要说明是谁或什么做的，在句末加上 by + 执行者。大多数被动句没有 by 短语——只有当这个信息是新的或重要的时候才加。

• This picture was painted by my uncle.

  这幅画是我叔叔画的。

• Our cat was bitten by the neighbour's dog.

  我们家的猫被邻居家的狗咬了。

• Rice noodles are made from rice flour.

  米粉是用大米磨成的粉做的。（没有 by 短语：谁做的并不重要）

• by + 执行动作的人或事物：The roof was damaged by the storm.
• with + 使用的工具：The door was opened with a spare key.
• made of（还能看出原材料），made from（原材料已经变了样），made in（产地）：a table made of wood, paper is made from wood, made in Japan.

• 双宾语动词（give, send, offer, show, tell, teach, pay…）：通常用人作主语 —— I was given a free ticket. 说 A free ticket was given to me 也可以，但不太常见。
• Born 永远用被动语态：I was born in Hue（不说：I born / I am born）。
• 带介词的动词在 V3 后面保留介词：The shop was broken into. / The kids are looked after by their grandma.
• 不及物动词，如 happen, arrive, die, appear, disappear, occur，没有被动语态：The accident happened at 8 a.m.
• 英语口语中还用 get + V3（got stolen, get paid）——见“用 ‘get’ 的被动语态”一课。It is said that… 这类句子另有专门的一课：“It is said that…”。

• Every student was sent an email about the new timetable.

  每个学生都收到了一封关于新课程表的邮件。

• My grandmother was born in 1950.

  我奶奶出生于 1950 年。

• Something strange happened last night.

  昨晚发生了一件怪事。（不说：was happened）

• ✗I born in Can Tho in 2001.

  ✓I was born in Can Tho in 2001.

  英语中 “born” 是被动的：be born。

• ✗The accident was happened near the school.

  ✓The accident happened near the school.

  happen 不接宾语，所以没有被动语态。

• ✗The letter was write by my grandmother.

  ✓The letter was written by my grandmother.

  被动语态用过去分词（V3），不用动词原形。

• ✗The meeting has postponed.

  ✓The meeting has been postponed.

  会议本身并没有推迟什么——现在完成时的被动语态是 has been + V3。

• ✗This problem can't solve without a calculator.

  ✓This problem can't be solved without a calculator.

  情态动词后面的被动形式是 be + V3。

• ✗This song was written from my uncle.

  ✓This song was written by my uncle.

  执行者放在 by 后面，不用 from。