被動語態

被動語態的結構是 be + 過去分詞（V3）。主動句的賓語變成被動句的主語；be 隨時態和新的主語變化，而 V3 始終不變。

• Someone cleans the office every evening. → The office is cleaned every evening.

  每天晚上有人打掃辦公室。→ 辦公室每天晚上都會被打掃。

• A taxi driver found my wallet. → My wallet was found by a taxi driver.

  一位計程車司機撿到了我的錢包。→ 我的錢包被一位計程車司機撿到了。

• 否定句：把 not 放在第一個助動詞後面 —— The email wasn't sent. / It hasn't been fixed yet.
• 疑問句：把第一個助動詞移到主語前面 —— Was it sent? / Has it been fixed? / When was this house built?
• 完成進行時（has been being done…）幾乎從不用於被動語態。

💡中文的“被”多用於不愉快的事，而且很多時候乾脆不用“被”（“這房子是 1990 年建的”）。英語的被動語態只有一種形式 be + V3，好事壞事都用：I was invited，I was fined。只要主語不是動作的執行者，英語就必須用被動語態：不能說 “This house built in 1990”，要說 This house was built in 1990。

在 can, must, should, may, might, will, have to, need to… 後面用 be + V3。表示過去，用 情態動詞 + have been + V3。

• All phones must be turned off during the exam.

  考試期間所有手機必須關機。

• This problem can't be solved without a calculator.

  沒有計算器，這道題解不出來。

• The grass is too long. It needs to be cut.

  草太長了，需要修剪一下。

• This report should have been finished last week.

  這份報告上週就應該完成了。（should have been + V3：本該發生的事）

• My bag isn't here. It might have been taken by mistake.

  我的包不在這裡，可能被人拿錯了。

在接 to + 動詞 的動詞後面，用 to be + V3；在介詞或接 -ing 的動詞（like, hate, avoid, enjoy…）後面，用 being + V3。

• I want to be told the truth.

  我希望別人告訴我真相。

• I hate being told what to do.

  我討厭被人指揮該做什麼。

• She left without being seen.

  她悄悄離開了，沒有被人看見。

1. 不知道是誰做的、誰做的不重要，或者顯而易見

• My phone was stolen on the bus yesterday.

  我的手機昨天在公交車上被偷了。（不知道是誰偷的）

• Coffee is grown in the Central Highlands.

  西原地區種植咖啡。

• He was arrested last night.

  他昨晚被逮捕了。（顯然是被警察逮捕的）

2. 話題是事物或事件，而不是做這件事的人 —— 要談論的內容放在句首

• Our school was built in 1965.

  我們學校建於 1965 年。

• These shoes are made in Vietnam.

  這些鞋是越南製造的。

• Your order hasn't been sent yet.

  您的訂單還沒有發貨。

3. 正式文體：通知、新聞、說明、報告

• Breakfast is served from 6 to 9.

  早餐供應時間為 6 點到 9 點。

• Two people were injured in the crash.

  兩人在車禍中受傷。

• The results will be announced on Friday.

  結果將於星期五公佈。

💡日常對話中，英語母語者常用主動語態，主語用泛指的 they, people, someone, you：They're building a new mall near my house. 被動語態並不比主動語態“高階”——當你要談的是事物而不是執行者時，才選擇被動語態。

要說明是誰或什麼做的，在句末加上 by + 執行者。大多數被動句沒有 by 短語——只有當這個資訊是新的或重要的時候才加。

• This picture was painted by my uncle.

  這幅畫是我叔叔畫的。

• Our cat was bitten by the neighbour's dog.

  我們家的貓被鄰居家的狗咬了。

• Rice noodles are made from rice flour.

  米粉是用大米磨成的粉做的。（沒有 by 短語：誰做的並不重要）

• by + 執行動作的人或事物：The roof was damaged by the storm.
• with + 使用的工具：The door was opened with a spare key.
• made of（還能看出原材料），made from（原材料已經變了樣），made in（產地）：a table made of wood, paper is made from wood, made in Japan.

• 雙賓語動詞（give, send, offer, show, tell, teach, pay…）：通常用人作主語 —— I was given a free ticket. 說 A free ticket was given to me 也可以，但不太常見。
• Born 永遠用被動語態：I was born in Hue（不說：I born / I am born）。
• 帶介詞的動詞在 V3 後面保留介詞：The shop was broken into. / The kids are looked after by their grandma.
• 不及物動詞，如 happen, arrive, die, appear, disappear, occur，沒有被動語態：The accident happened at 8 a.m.
• 英語口語中還用 get + V3（got stolen, get paid）——見“用 ‘get’ 的被動語態”一課。It is said that… 這類句子另有專門的一課：“It is said that…”。

• Every student was sent an email about the new timetable.

  每個學生都收到了一封關於新課程表的郵件。

• My grandmother was born in 1950.

  我奶奶出生於 1950 年。

• Something strange happened last night.

  昨晚發生了一件怪事。（不說：was happened）

• ✗I born in Can Tho in 2001.

  ✓I was born in Can Tho in 2001.

  英語中 “born” 是被動的：be born。

• ✗The accident was happened near the school.

  ✓The accident happened near the school.

  happen 不接賓語，所以沒有被動語態。

• ✗The letter was write by my grandmother.

  ✓The letter was written by my grandmother.

  被動語態用過去分詞（V3），不用動詞原形。

• ✗The meeting has postponed.

  ✓The meeting has been postponed.

  會議本身並沒有推遲什麼——現在完成時的被動語態是 has been + V3。

• ✗This problem can't solve without a calculator.

  ✓This problem can't be solved without a calculator.

  情態動詞後面的被動形式是 be + V3。

• ✗This song was written from my uncle.

  ✓This song was written by my uncle.

  執行者放在 by 後面，不用 from。