Prática de Shadowing: Everything is better than it used to be — or is it? | Agustín Fuentes - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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- Traditionally, when you measure success, evolutionarily speaking, it's about a species or a population's ability to sort of continue through time, to successfully adapt, and to grow.
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So under that definition, there are 8 billion humans living everywhere on the planet.
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We are super successful in the traditional sense.
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At the same time, there's 8 billion humans living on the planet, many of them suffering horribly.
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The planet is suffering horribly.
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The climate crisis; a variety of other really horrible things are going on.
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There's a massive extinction event where plants and animals are disappearing at an unbelievable rate because of human action.
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So one might ask, "Is this evolutionary success?" "Just based on sheer number of humans, is that the way to measure it?" In the recent past, and today, there are many people who argue that like, "Wait a minute! Wait a minute! Don't complain so much, humans are doing better than they ever have done.
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There's air conditioners, there's warm showers, there's restaurants, and food, and yeah, so there's some inequality- some people don't have as much as others, but overall, we are living longer and doing better than we ever have done." So I have three responses to that: Number one, who is "we"?
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Are we talking about the entire human species?
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Well, it turns out that different humans are living very, very different lives.
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So we need to clarify that.
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Before one says, "We are doing better," let us define who that we is.
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The second problem I have with that is that these arguments are coming from one broad culture- this sort of Euro-American cultures, these intellectual traditions of a particular way of being in the world, of a particular political and economic process saying, "Well, this is the way it should be, things are better." Well, there are other ways of being in the world.
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There's lots of societies, lots of languages, lots of cultures, lots of people; many of whom have suffered enormously from this particular way of being.
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So again, how do we rectify that?
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How do we understand that?
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And the third thing, my third response to people saying, "Hey, stop complaining, things are better, we're living longer," is "Look, what is the measure of success for humans?" It has to do with how are we doing the human thing?
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How are we being human?
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And how can we minimize, not get rid of, but minimize suffering and injustice?
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Humans are always gonna have inequity and injustice: there's a lot of us, and human history always have hierarchies, and some have more and some have less, there's these incredible dynamics.
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But when it comes down to it right now, we can see that the inequity, the discrepancy in political, economic, technological, health, and many other outcomes for humans is bigger than it ever has been in the entirety of human history.
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If that's the case, something is wrong, 'cause that direction is not good for humans; we already have data that suggests and shows that it's not good for the planet.
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So, to those who say, "Calm down, everything is better than it used to be." I say, "No, it's not." It's not just surviving longer, it's not just having more, it's not just having access to technology- to really understand success, evolutionarily speaking in humans, we need to also talk about the capacity for flourishing.
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Are human bodies and societies reaching at least these minimal levels of flourishing, of health, of security, of interaction, and of well-being.
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So, I would argue, in the modern context, to understand evolutionary success for humans, we need to understand the capacity for human flourishing, and how that is distributed across our species.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Everything is better than it used to be — or is it?”. As palavras que mais se repetem: success, planet, flourishing, suffering, measure. Este vídeo tem 26 frases e 619 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 3:56. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 157 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 89% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é fácil de acompanhar. 7 das 26 frases são perguntas, por isso é um bom treino para a entonação de perguntas e respostas curtas.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| suffer verbo | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | sofrer |
| flourish verbo | /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/ | florescer |
| argue verbo | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | discutir, argumentar |
| complain verbo | /kəmˈpleɪn/ | reclamar, queixar-se |
| evolutionary adjetivo | /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/ | evolutivo |
| injustice substantivo | /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ | injustiça |
| minimize verbo | /ˈmɪn.ɪˌmaɪz/ | minimizar |
| successfully advérbio | /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/ | com sucesso |
| horrible adjetivo | /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/ | horrível |
| define verbo | /dɪˈfaɪn/ | definir |
| intellectual adjetivo | /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/ | intelectual |
| interaction substantivo | /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/ | interação |
| minimal adjetivo | /ˈmɪn.ə.məl/ | mínimo, mínima |
| disappear verbo | /dɪsəˈpɪɹ/ | desaparecer, sumir |
| dynamics substantivo | /dɑɪˈnæm.ɪks/ | dinâmica |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| calm down verbo | acalmar-se |
| turn out verbo | terminar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Are we talking about the entire human species?
- How do we understand that?
- How are we being human?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have done · have suffered · has been |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | people who argue · those who say |
| Comparativos -er than / more … than — comparar duas coisas | better than · bigger than |
| Present continuous am/is/are + -ing — algo que está acontecendo agora ou nestes dias | is suffering · are going · are disappearing |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 4 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, gonna, we're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, sheer /ʃɪɚ/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, successfully /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, unbelievable /ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbl̩/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: adapt /əˈdæpt/, distribute /dɪˈstɹɪbjuːt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/, minimal /ˈmɪn.ə.məl/, technological /ˌtɛk.nəˈlɑ.dʒɪ.kəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/, horribly /ˈhɔɹəbli/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como suffer, flourish, argue.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.