第 56 課 · 第 4 階段: 時態與情態動詞
表將來的時間狀語從句
中級Future time clauses
構成與用法
when / as soon as / until + 一般現在時,… will — 這些詞後用現在時表示將來
1.句型
說將來的兩件事時,句子通常分兩部分:一個主句(用 will、be going to、祈使句…)和一個由 when、as soon as、until、before、after… 引導的時間狀語從句。關鍵規則:時間狀語從句用現在時,儘管意思是將來。
| 主句 | 連線詞 + 時間狀語從句(現在時) |
|---|---|
| I'll call you | when I get home. |
| We're going to leave | as soon as the rain stops. |
| Please wait here | until I come back. |
| Let's buy some snacks | before the film starts. |
| She'll feel better | after she gets some rest. |
兩部分可以調換位置。時間狀語從句放在前面時要加逗號;放在後面時一般不需要。
When I get home, I'll call you.
等我到家了,就給你打電話。(時間狀語從句在前——加逗號)
I'll call you when I get home.
我到家後給你打電話。(時間狀語從句在後——不加逗號)
中文說“我到家的時候會給你打電話”,“會”很容易被帶到 when 後面,於是說成 “when I will get home”。英語裡將來形式只放在主句中;when / as soon as / until… 引導的部分保持一般現在時:when I get home。
2.常用連線詞
| 詞 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| when | 當……的時候 | I'll tell her when I see her. |
| as soon as | 一……就…… | Text me as soon as you land. |
| after | 在……之後 | We'll go for a walk after we eat. |
| before | 在……之前 | Turn off the lights before you leave. |
| until / till | 直到……為止 | I'll stay here until you're ready. |
| while | 在……期間,趁…… | I'll cook while you set the table. |
| once | 一旦,……之後 | Once you try it, you'll love it. |
| by the time | 不晚於……的時候,等到……時 | By the time we get there, the shop will be closed. |
not … until 表示主句的動作要等另一件事發生後才會發生——不會在那之前。
I won't buy a new phone until this one stops working.
這部手機不壞,我是不會買新的。
Don't open the oven until the cake is ready.
蛋糕烤好之前不要開啟烤箱。
3.連線詞後面用現在完成時和現在進行時
在 when、after、as soon as、until… 後面,可以用現在完成時(have/has + V3)表示第一個動作在第二個動作開始前已經完全結束。表示那時正在進行的事,用現在進行時。只是不要用 will。
I'll lend you this book when I've finished it.
這本書我看完了就借給你。(先看完,再借)
When I see Minh, I'll give him your message.
我見到阿明時會把你的話帶給他。(兩件事差不多同時發生)
You can watch TV after you've done your homework.
做完作業以後你可以看電視。
I'll read a book while I'm waiting for you.
等你的時候我會看看書。(現在進行時)
用 after 和 as soon as 時,一般現在時和現在完成時通常意思相同:after I finish = after I've finished。用 when 時,兩種形式的意思可能不同,就像上面的例句那樣。
4.When 還是 if?
兩者都用現在時表示將來,但意思不同:when = 你確定這件事會發生,只是時間問題;if = 它可能發生,也可能不發生。另見“條件句”一課。
I'll call you when I get to the hotel.
我到酒店後給你打電話。(我肯定會到)
I'll call you if I get lost.
要是我迷路了,就給你打電話。(我可能迷路,也可能不會)
When the shop opens, I'll buy some bread.
商店一開門,我就去買麵包。(商店肯定會開門)
If the shop is still open, I'll buy some bread.
要是商店還開著,我就買點麵包。(我不確定它還開著)
要在 when 和 if 之間做選擇,先問自己:我確定這件事會發生嗎?“I'll let you know when I get the results”(結果一定會出來)。“Call me if there's a problem”(可能不會有問題)。
5.When 後面仍然用 will 的情況
上面的規則只適用於時間狀語從句。如果 when 引導的是疑問句,或者 when 從句是動詞的賓語(在 know、ask、tell me、wonder… 後面),意思是“什麼時候”,就照常用 will。
When will you be back?
你什麼時候回來?(疑問句——用 will)
I don't know when she'll arrive.
我不知道她什麼時候到。(know 的賓語——用 will)
Tell me when you arrive.
你到了告訴我一聲。(時間狀語從句——用現在時)
Tell me when you'll arrive.
告訴我你幾點到。(問什麼時間——用 will)
6.常見錯誤
I'll call you when I will arrive.I'll call you when I arrive.
時間狀語從句用現在時,不用 will。
As soon as she will finish, we'll leave.As soon as she finishes, we'll leave.
as soon as 後面用一般現在時。
We won't start until he will come.We won't start until he comes.
until 後面用一般現在時。
When he get home, I'll tell him.When he gets home, I'll tell him.
這裡仍然是一般現在時,所以 he/she/it 要加 -s。
After I'll finish work, I'm going to the gym.After I finish work, I'm going to the gym.
不管主句是什麼,after 從句都保持現在時。
I'll lend you the book when I will have read it.I'll lend you the book when I've read it.
要表示“已經完成”,用現在完成時,不用 will have。
例句
- I'll send you the photos when I get home.
- As soon as the rain stops, we'll go out.
- I'll wait here until you come back.
- I'll text you as soon as I land in Đà Nẵng.
