Shadowing Practice: PHILOSOPHY - Schopenhauer - Learn English Speaking with Video
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101 משפטים
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Arthur Schopenhauer was a German 19th century philosopher who deserves to be remembered today for the insights contained in his great work,
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The World as Will and Representation.
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Schopenhauer was the first serious
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Western philosopher to get interested in Buddhism,
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and his thought can best be read as a Western reinterpretation and response to the enlightened pessimism found in Buddhist thought.
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In my 17th year, he wrote in an autobiographical text, I was gripped by the misery of life,
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as the Buddha had been in his youth when he saw sickness, old age, pain and death everywhere.
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The truth was that this world could not have been the work of an all -loving being,
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but rather that of a devil who'd brought creatures into existence in order to delight in their sufferings.
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And like the Buddha, it was Schopenhauer's goal to dissect and then come up with a solution to this suffering.
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It's simply the fault of universities
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that Schopenhauer has always been taught in such a dry academic way that it has stopped him from being widely known, read and followed.
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And yet in truth, this is a man who, no less than the Buddha, deserves disciples, schools, artworks and monasteries to put his ideas into practice.
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It's not too late.
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Schopenhauer's philosophy starts by giving a name to a primary force within us which he says is more powerful than anything else,
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our reason, logic or moral sense, and which Schopenhauer terms the will to life, in German the Wille zum Leben.
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The will to life is a constant force which makes us thrust ourselves forward, cling to existence and look always to our own advantage.
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It's blind, dumb and very insistent.
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What the will to life makes us focus on most of all is sex.
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From adolescence onwards, this will thrums within us, turns our heads constantly to erotic scenarios and makes us do very weird things,
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the most weird of which is fall in love all the time.
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Schopenhauer was very respectful of love, as one might be towards a hurricane or a tiger.
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He deeply resented the disruption caused to intelligent people by infatuations or what we'd call crushes,
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but he refused to conceive of these as either disproportionate or accidental.
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In his eyes, love is connected to the most important underlying project of the will to life, and hence of all of our lives Having children.
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Why all this noise and fuss about love, he asked.
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Why all the urgency, uproar, anguish and exertion?
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Because the ultimate aim of all love affairs is actually more important than all other aims in anyone's life
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and therefore it's quite worthy of the profound seriousness with which everyone pursues it.
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The romantic dominates life because, Schopenhauer wrote, what is decided by it is nothing less than the composition of the next generation,
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the existence and special constitution of the human race in times to come.
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Of course, we rarely think of future children when we're asking someone out on a date.
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But in Schopenhauer's view, this is simply
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because the intellect remains much excluded from the real resolutions and secret decisions of its own will.
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Why should such deception be necessary?
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Because for Schopenhauer, we would never reliably to reproduce unless we had first, quite literally, lost our minds.
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This was a man deeply opposed to the boredom, routine, expense and sheer sacrifice of having children.
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Furthermore, Schopenhauer argued that most of the time, if our intellect were properly in charge of choosing who we could fall in love with,
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we would pick very different people to the ones we actually end up with.
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But we're ultimately driven to fall in love, not with anyone we'll just get on with well,
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but with people whom the will to life recognizes as ideal
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partners for the project of producing what Schopenhauer bluntly called balanced children.
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All of us are a little bit unbalanced ourselves, he thought.
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We're a bit too masculine or too feminine, too tall or too short, too rational or too impulsive.
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If such imbalances were allowed to persist or were aggravated in the next generation, the human race would within a short time sink into oddity.
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The will to life must therefore push us towards people who can, on account of their compensating imbalances, cancel out our own issues.
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A large nose combined with a button nose promise a perfect nose.
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He argued that short people often fall in love with tall people and more feminine men with more assertive and masculine women.
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Unfortunately, this theory of balancing attraction led Schopenhauer to a very bleak conclusion namely,
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that a person who is highly suitable for producing a balanced child with is almost never,
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though we can't realise it at the time because we've been blindfolded by the will to life, very suitable for us.
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We should not be surprised, he wrote, by marriages between people who would never have been friends.
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Love casts itself on people who, apart from sex, would be hateful, contemptible and even abhorrent to us.
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The will to life's ability to further its own ends, rather than our happiness, may, Schopenhauer implied, be sensed with particular clarity in that rather scary,
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lonely moment just after orgasm.
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He wrote, Directly after copulation, the devil's laughter is heard.
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Watching the human spectacle, Schopenhauer felt deeply sorry for us.
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We're all just like animals, except because of our greater self -awareness, far more unhappy than animals.
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There are some poignant passages where Schopenhauer discusses the lives of different animals, but he dwells especially on the mole, a stunted monstrosity, his words,
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that dwells in damp, narrow corridors, rarely sees the light of day, and whose offspring look like gelatinous worms,
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but which still does everything in its power to survive and perpetuate itself.
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We're just like moles and just as pitiful.
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We are driven frantically to push ourselves forward, we want to get good jobs to impress prospective partners, we wonder endlessly about finding the one
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and are eventually briefly seduced by someone just long enough to produce a child
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and then have to spend the next 40 years in misery with them to atone for our errors.
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Schopenhauer was always beautifully and comically gloomy about human nature.
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There is only one inborn error, he wrote, and that's the notion that we exist in order to be happy.
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So long as we persist in this inborn error, the world will seem to us full of contradictions.
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For at every step, in great things and small,
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we are bound to experience that the world and life are certainly not arranged for the purpose of being happy.
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That's why the faces of almost all elderly people are deeply edged with disappointment.
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Schopenhauer offers two solutions to deal with the problems of existence.
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The first solution is intended for rather rare individuals that he called sages.
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Sages are able by heroic efforts to rise above the demands of the will to life.
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They see the natural drives within themselves towards selfishness, sex and vanity and override them.
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They overcome their desires, live alone, often away from big cities, never marry and can quell their appetites for fame and status.
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In Buddhism Schopenhauer points out this person is known as a monk
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but he recognizes that only a tiny number of us in any generation will ever go in for such a life.
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The second and more easily available
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and realistic therapy is to spend as long as we can with art
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and philosophy whose task is to hold up a mirror to the frenzy efforts
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and unhappy turmoil created in all of us by the will to life.
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We may not be able to quell the will to life very often, but in the evenings at the theatre
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or on a walk with a book of poetry we can step back from the day to day
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and look at life without illusion.
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The art Schopenhauer loved best is the opposite of sentimental, Greek tragedies, the aphorisms of La Rochefoucauld and the political theory of Machiavelli.
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Such works speak frankly about egoism, suffering, selfishness and the horrors of married life and extend a tragic, dignified, melancholy sympathy to the human race.
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It's fitting that Schopenhauer's own work fitted his description of what philosophy and art should do for us.
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It too is deeply consoling in its morbid, bitter pessimism.
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For example, he tells us, to marry means to do everything possible to become an object of disgust to each other.
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Every life history is the history of suffering.
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Life has no intrinsic worth, but is kept in motion merely by desire and illusion.
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After spending a lot of time trying yet failing to be famous and trying yet failing to have good relationships,
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towards the end of his life Schopenhauer did eventually find an audience who adored his writings.
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He lived quietly in an apartment in Frankfurt with his dog, a white poodle whom he called Atman after the world soul of the Buddhists,
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but whom the neighboring children less respectfully referred to as Mrs. Schopenhauer.
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Shortly before his death a sculptor made a famous bust of him.
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He died in 1860 at the age of 72 having achieved calm and serenity.
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He is a sage for our own times,
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someone whose bust should be no less widespread and no less revered than that of the Buddha he so loved.
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Thank you.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה מבוסס על הסרטון “PHILOSOPHY - Schopenhauer”. בסרטון הזה יש 101 משפטים ו-1571 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 9:21. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-168 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 80% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 מילים מהסרטון שכדאי ללמוד, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| sage שם עצם | /seɪd͡ʒ/ | מַרוָה, מרווה |
| argue פועל | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | התווכח \ הִתְוַכֵּחַ |
| marry פועל | /ˈmæɹi/ | הִתְחַתֵּן, נִשָּׂא |
| suitable שם תואר | [ˈsjuː.tə.bɫ̩] | ראוי, מתאים |
| illusion שם עצם | /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/ | אַשְׁלָיָה |
| misery שם עצם | /ˈmɪz(ə)ɹi/ | אומללות |
| philosopher שם עצם | /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ | פִילוֹסוֹף, הוֹגֵה דֵּעוֹת |
| mirror שם עצם | /ˈmiɹɚ/ | מַרְאָה, רְאִי |
| moral שם תואר | /ˈmoɹəl/ | מוּסָר |
| happiness שם עצם | /ˈhæpinɪs/ | אושר \ אֹשֶׁר |
| horror שם עצם | /ˈhɒɹ.ə/ | אֵימָה |
| conclusion שם עצם | /kənˈkluːʒən/ | מסקנה |
| poetry שם עצם | /ˈpoʊ.ə.tɹi/ | שִׁירָה |
| narrow שם תואר | /ˈnæɹəʊ/ | צר |
| hence תואר הפועל | /ˈhɛns/ | מכאן |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | be remembered · be read · was gripped |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | force which makes · people who can · person who is |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | has always been taught · we've been blindfolded |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-10 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו we're, can't, we'd. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: worthy /ˈwɝ.ði/, furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/, sympathy /ˈsɪm.pəθ.i/, thrust /θɹʌst/, thrum /θɹʌm/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, composition /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/, crush /kɹʌʃ/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, composition /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, disappointment /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntmənt/, beautifully /ˈbju.tɪ.fə.li/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: dwell /dwɛl/, awareness /əˈwɛɹ.nəs/, worthy /ˈwɝ.ði/, widespread /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/, quietly /ˈkwaɪ.ɪt.li/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: marry /ˈmæɹi/, unhappy /ʌnˈhæpi/, masculine /ˈmæskjələn/, happiness /ˈhæpinɪs/, romantic /ɹoʊˈmæn(t)ɪk/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/, rarely /ˈɹɛəɹli/, marry /ˈmæɹi/, misery /ˈmɪz(ə)ɹi/, mirror /ˈmiɹɚ/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו sage, argue, marry.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.